Childhood leukaemia is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones responsible for producing blood cells. Although the word "leukaemia" can be frightening, it is important to understand that significant advancements in medical research and treatment have greatly improved outcomes for children diagnosed with this disease.
Dr Intezar Mehdi, Director and Head of the Department, Senior Consultant - Paediatric Haeamtology Oncology & BMT at HCG Cancer Centre, Bengaluru, explained all about leukaemia.
Types of Childhood Leukaemia
There are several types of childhood leukaemia, but the two most common forms are acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). According to Environmental Health Perspectives, ALL is the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 75% of all paediatric leukaemia cases. It occurs when there is an overproduction of immature lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. AML, on the other hand, is less common but tends to be more aggressive. It involves the rapid growth of abnormal myeloid cells, which are responsible for producing red blood cells, platelets, and certain types of white blood cells.
Symptoms of Childhood Leukaemia
Childhood leukaemia often presents with various symptoms that may initially appear vague or unrelated. These can include:
- Fatigue and weakness: Children may exhibit excessive tiredness, lack of energy, and a general feeling of weakness.
- Frequent infections: Due to compromised immune systems, children with leukaemia are prone to infections, such as respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.
- Easy bruising and bleeding: Leukaemia affects the body's ability to produce healthy blood cells, leading to easy bruising, bleeding gums, or frequent nosebleeds.
- Bone and joint pain: Leukaemia cells may accumulate in the joints and bones, causing pain and discomfort.
- Swollen lymph nodes: The lymph nodes, particularly in the neck and groyne area, may become enlarged.
- Loss of appetite and weight loss: Children with leukaemia may experience a reduced appetite, leading to weight loss and a decrease in overall physical well-being.
It is important to note that these symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, and their presence does not automatically indicate leukaemia. However, if any of these symptoms persist or worsen, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation.
Also read: Dear women, here are 5 signs of Leukaemia you probably don't know but should
Treatment Options
The treatment approach for childhood leukaemia depends on various factors, including the type of leukaemia, the child's age, and overall health. The primary goal of treatment is to eliminate cancer cells and restore healthy bone marrow function. Common treatment modalities include:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells and is the mainstay of treatment for childhood leukaemia. It may involve different combinations of medications administered orally, intravenously, or directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
Radiation therapy
This treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used in specific cases to target leukaemia cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Stem cell transplant
For certain high-risk or relapsed cases, a stem cell transplant may be necessary. This procedure involves replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells obtained from a compatible donor.
Targeted therapy
Targeted drugs can specifically identify and attack cancer cells, minimising harm to healthy cells. These therapies are still being studied in clinical trials for childhood leukaemia.
Also read: Genetic Mutation Linked with Childhood Leukaemia Identified
Childhood leukaemia is a challenging disease that requires prompt diagnosis and specialised treatment. Fortunately, advances in medical research have greatly improved survival rates over the years. With ongoing research and advancements in treatment modalities, the future looks promising for children diagnosed with leukaemia.