Cough syrups are commonly used to treat symptoms of colds and flu, such as coughing and congestion. However, the active ingredients in these syrups can have potent effects on the body, and misuse can lead to serious health risks. The primary substances of concern are Dextromethorphan (DXM) and promethazine-codeine, both of which have the potential for abuse and overdose. We spoke to Dr K Somnath Gupta, Senior Consultant Physician and Diabetology, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, who shared a detailed look at what can happen when you exceed the recommended dosage.
“Overdosing cough syrup, particularly those containing Dextromethorphan (DXM) or promethazine-codeine, can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening side effects,” said Dr Gupta. Misuse of these substances for recreational purposes poses significant health dangers and underscores the importance of adhering to recommended dosages and using these medications responsibly.
Effects of DXM Overdose
Here are some of the effects of DXM overdose, as listed by the expert:
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter cough syrups. While it is safe at recommended doses, an overdose can result in several serious side effects:
- Euphoria, Dissociation, and Hallucinations: At high doses, DXM can cause euphoria, dissociation, and hallucinations, which is why it is sometimes abused.
- Severe Dizziness, Confusion, and Impaired Motor Function: Overdose can lead to severe dizziness, confusion, and impaired motor function.
- Seizures: High doses can induce seizures, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to them.
- Tachycardia and Arrhythmias: Tachycardia is common, and in extreme cases, it can progress to arrhythmias.
- Hypertension and Stroke: Hypertension can occur, leading to potential complications like stroke.
- Respiratory Depression: Overdose can severely depress the respiratory system, leading to hypoxia and potentially fatal outcomes.
- Agitation, Paranoia, and Psychosis: Users may experience significant agitation, paranoia, and even psychosis at very high doses.
According to the American Addiction Centers, people often overdose on DXM by deliberately taking large amounts of cold or flu medications to achieve a high. Recreational drug abuse is highly dangerous and can result in dependence, tolerance, addiction, serious side effects, and even death.
Effects of Promethazine-Codeine Overdose
Promethazine and codeine combination cough syrups are prescription medications that carry a high risk of overdose due to their sedative properties. Dr Gupta listed the side effects of these medications as follows:
- Extreme Drowsiness, Sedation, and Stupor: Promethazine and codeine are both depressants of the central nervous system. Overdose can lead to extreme drowsiness, sedation, and stupor.
- Respiratory Depression: Codeine, an opioid, significantly depresses the respiratory system, leading to shallow or slowed breathing.
- Hypotension and Bradycardia: Overdose can result in hypotension and bradycardia, which can lead to potential cardiac arrest.
- Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance: Common with overdose and can exacerbate dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
- Impaired Cognitive Functions and Memory: Persistent use can impair cognitive functions and memory.
- Addictive Potential and Substance Dependence: Both DXM and codeine have addictive potential, leading to substance dependence and abuse.
Prevention and Awareness
To prevent cough syrup overdose, consider the following measures:
- Adhere to Dosage Instructions: Always follow the dosage guidelines provided on the medication label or by your healthcare provider.
- Avoid Recreational Use: Do not misuse cough syrup for recreational purposes or to achieve a high.
- Seek Professional Help: If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, seek help from a healthcare professional.
Bottomline
Dr Gupta concluded, “Understanding the potential side effects of cough syrup overdose is crucial for preventing serious health issues. Both DXM and promethazine-codeine formulations can cause severe and dangerous symptoms when misused. Always follow dosage recommendations and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about your medication.”
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your own professional if you are dealing with any health issues to avoid complications.]