Why Do I Keep Getting UTIs? Doctors Explain the Common Causes and How to Prevent Them

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can cause a burning sensation while passing urine, frequent urges to urinate, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. While a single infection is common, some people experience repeated episodes, leaving them wondering why the infection keeps coming back.

Recurrent UTIs are particularly common among women. Understanding the possible causes, recognising the symptoms, and seeking the right treatment can help reduce the risk of repeated infections.

To get expert insights, we spoke to Dr Shashank M S, Consultant – Urology and Renal Transplant at Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru and Dr Gopal Ramdas Tak, Consultant Urologist at Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Hyderabad. Keep reading to know what they have to share.

What Are Recurrent UTIs?

Recurrent UTIs generally refer to having two or more infections within six months or three or more within a year. Most UTIs occur when bacteria, commonly E. coli from the bowel, enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder.

• Women are more prone to UTIs because their urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria to reach the bladder more easily.
• Sexual activity can also move bacteria towards the urethra, increasing the risk of infection.
• Some women experience UTIs soon after intercourse. Using certain contraceptives, including spermicides and diaphragms, may further increase the risk.

Importantly, recurrent UTIs do not necessarily indicate poor personal hygiene. They can occur even when a person follows appropriate hygiene practices.

Why Do UTIs Keep Coming Back?

Several factors can contribute to repeated urinary tract infections.

Incomplete bladder emptying

When the bladder does not empty completely, some urine remains behind, potentially encouraging bacterial growth. This can happen due to certain bladder conditions or other problems affecting urine flow.

Kidney stones or urinary tract abnormalities

Kidney stones and structural abnormalities in the urinary tract can interfere with normal urine flow and increase the risk of recurring infections. In men, an enlarged prostate may prevent the bladder from emptying properly.

Also Read: What Can Be Mistaken for a UTI? Doctor Explains Conditions That Cause Similar Symptoms

Sexual activity and certain contraceptives

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, sexual intercourse can push bacteria towards the urethra. Women who notice a consistent link between intercourse and UTIs may need to discuss preventive options with their doctor. Spermicides and diaphragms can also increase susceptibility in some women.

Diabetes and hormonal changes

Poorly controlled diabetes can increase the risk of infections. After menopause, lower oestrogen levels can change the protective environment around the vagina and urethra, making some women more susceptible to UTIs.

Incomplete treatment or antibiotic resistance

Sometimes, symptoms return because the original infection was not fully cleared or the bacteria are resistant to the prescribed antibiotic. In other cases, symptoms resembling a UTI may be caused by another condition, such as vaginal irritation or bladder pain syndrome.

A urine culture can help identify the bacteria responsible and determine which antibiotics are likely to work.

How Can You Prevent Recurrent UTIs?

Preventing repeated infections starts with identifying the underlying cause. A few practical measures may help reduce the risk:

• Drink enough water: Adequate fluid intake supports regular urination, although individual needs vary.
• Avoid holding urine for long periods: Pass urine when you feel the urge and allow your bladder to empty.
• Pass urine after sex: This may help some women, although evidence that it prevents UTIs is limited.
• Review contraceptive choices: If you use spermicides or a diaphragm and experience recurrent UTIs, discuss alternatives with your doctor.
• Avoid irritating intimate products: Perfumed washes and other products that cause irritation may worsen discomfort.
• Seek medical advice: Repeated infections may require urine cultures, further investigations, or a personalised prevention plan.

According to a study published in the journal 'Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease', for some women after menopause, a doctor may recommend vaginal oestrogen (a localised hormone therapy). In selected cases, prescribed preventive antibiotics may also help. These treatments should be considered according to individual medical history and risk factors.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Consult a healthcare professional if UTIs keep returning, even if symptoms improve after treatment. Avoid repeatedly taking antibiotics without medical advice, as unnecessary use can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Also Read: CDSCO Warns Against Indiscriminate Use of Antibiotics: What Patients Should Know

Seek urgent medical attention if urinary symptoms occur alongside fever, chills, back or side pain, or vomiting. These may indicate a kidney infection, which requires prompt assessment and treatment.

Final Word

Recurrent UTIs are common and often manageable. Identifying the cause, choosing appropriate treatment, and following a suitable prevention plan can help reduce repeated infections and protect urinary tract health.