As India grapples with the rising intensity and frequency of heatwaves, an alarming aspect of public health comes to the forefront- eye health. Recent research has highlighted the intricate processes by which prolonged exposure to heat and sunlight during heat waves increases the risk of retinal damage and other vision impairments. In order to understand the link, we spoke to Dr Siddharth Sain, Senior consultant, Sharp Sight Eye Hospitals, read on to know all the information he shared.
The retina, a thin layer of tissue lining the back of the eye, is crucial for vision as it receives light and converts it into neural signals sent to the brain. When exposed to excessive UV radiation, especially during prolonged heatwaves, the retinal tissues can undergo oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is a result of an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s ability to counteract their harmful effects.
How can UV rays cause eye damage?
Research indicates that UV rays, particularly UV-A and UV-B, can penetrate the eye's surface and reach the deep layers of the eye, including the retina. Over time, exposure to UV rays can lead to photokeratitis which is also called the sunburn of the eyes. This condition can be extremely painful and can cause temporary vision loss. Over time, this can cause serious complications including cataracts and macular degeneration.
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Dr Sain shares, “The link between UV exposure and eye damage gets twofold during heat waves for numerous reasons. First, higher temperatures can result in a thinner ozone layer, which normally filters harmful UV radiation. This thinning amplifies the level of UV radiation reaching the earth's surface. Secondly, lifestyle changes during heat waves, such as increased outdoor activities and longer daylight hours, often lead to prolonged exposure to sunlight.”
“ Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai, which have been recording higher UV index readings in recent years, report increased cases of UV-related eye issues during the summer months,” adds Dr Sain.
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How to protect eyes from UV damage?
Protecting the eyes from UV damage is a critical approach. Dr Sain suggests, “Wearing sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UV rays is one of the simplest yet most effective preventive measures. Not all sunglasses are created equal; optometrists advise choosing pairs that specify full UV protection. Wraparound sunglasses or those with large frames provide additional protection as they limit the UV rays that enter the eye from the sides.”
Beyond personal protective measures, awareness campaigns play a critical role in educating the public about the risks of UV exposure. Health officials emphasise the importance of limiting midday outdoor activities, particularly between 10 AM and 4 PM when the sun's rays are most intense. Employing hats and seeking shade can also significantly reduce UV exposure.
In addition to behavioural changes, there are medical precautions that can be taken. “Regular eye examinations can help detect signs of UV damage early on, and eye care professionals can provide advice tailored to individuals, especially those at higher risk, including outdoor workers and individuals with pre-existing eye conditions,” suggests Dr Sain.
Summing up, as heatwaves become more prevalent, understanding and addressing the risks associated with UV exposure and eye health is critical. Through community education, protective practices, and supportive policies, we can shield our eyes from the sun's harmful effects and preserve our vision in the face of rising temperatures.