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At just 23, Scottish swimming champion Archie Goodburn was training for the Paris 2024 Olympics when sudden seizures and numbness led to a shocking diagnosis – three inoperable brain tumours known as oligodendrogliomas.
In a recent interview with the BBC, he said, “I get much strength from my family and my girlfriend and, ultimately, just dreaming of my future. I see the future in different ways on different days. There are days where I wake up from bed feeling positive and knowing that things are coming and hoping that things are going to be out there.
"And other days, my eyes open, and I realise I have a brain tumour, I have brain cancer, and there is an end point to my life, and it's much, much earlier than it should be."
Nonetheless, Goodburn has continued swimming, defying the odds to finish runner-up in the men’s 50m breaststroke at the Aquatics GB Swimming Championships in April. Now 24, he remains determined to keep living fully, with hopes of returning to competition and inspiring others through his journey of strength and resilience.
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What Are Oligodendrogliomas?
Oligodendrogliomas are a rare type of brain tumour that develop from oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for producing the myelin sheath, which protects nerve fibres in the central nervous system. These tumours are considered a subtype of gliomas and typically occur in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes.
Oligodendrogliomas account for about 2–5% of all primary brain tumours and are most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 20 and 40, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). They are generally slow-growing but can become more aggressive over time, especially if not detected early.
What Causes Oligodendrogliomas?
The exact cause of oligodendrogliomas remains unknown, but researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the risk. Most cases are not linked to inherited conditions, though mutations in specific genes—such as IDH1 or IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)—are commonly found in these tumours.
Another characteristic genetic marker is the combined loss of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q, which is often used to confirm diagnosis and predict treatment response. While radiation exposure has been loosely associated with increased risk, no definitive lifestyle or environmental triggers have been identified.
Symptoms Of Oligodendrogliomas
Symptoms vary depending on the tumour’s size and location in the brain, but common signs include:
- Seizures are often the first noticeable symptom.
- Persistent headaches, especially those that worsen over time.
- Cognitive or personality changes, such as memory loss, confusion, or mood swings.
- Weakness or numbness, typically on one side of the body.
- Speech or vision problems, depending on which brain region is affected.
Because the tumour grows slowly, symptoms may develop gradually, making early diagnosis challenging.
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Complications Associated With Oligodendrogliomas
If left untreated or if the tumour progresses, oligodendrogliomas can lead to a number of complications, including:
- Increased intracranial pressure due to tumour growth or swelling, leading to nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness.
- Neurological issues, such as partial paralysis, speech difficulties, or vision loss.
- Tumour recurrence or progression into more aggressive forms like anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.
- Emotional and psychological impact, including anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline.
Treatment Options For Oligodendrogliomas
Treatment for oligodendrogliomas depends on the tumour’s grade, size, location, and the patient’s overall health. Options include:
Surgery: The first step in many cases, aiming to remove as much of the tumour as safely as possible.
Radiation therapy: Often used after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells, especially in high-grade tumours.
Chemotherapy: Drugs such as temozolomide or a combination known as PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine) are commonly used.
Targeted therapy: Still under investigation, but may offer hope for tumours with specific genetic mutations.
A multidisciplinary team typically tailors treatment plans based on each individual’s case, and regular follow-up imaging is required to monitor for recurrence.
Conclusion
Oligodendrogliomas, though rare, are serious brain tumours that can significantly impact a person’s neurological function and quality of life. Early diagnosis is key to effective management. While the condition is considered incurable in some cases, particularly when tumours are inoperable, advances in treatment and a better understanding of tumour genetics have improved outcomes and quality of life for many patients. With the right medical care and support, individuals diagnosed with oligodendroglioma can continue to lead meaningful, active lives.