Depersonalisation involves a profound disruption in self-awareness, leading individuals to feel detached from their thoughts, emotions, and physical bodies. This surreal experience can be disorienting, causing significant distress and impairing one's ability to engage fully in daily life.
In an interaction with OnlyMYHealth Dr Pawan Kumar, Psychiatrist at VIMS, Pawapuri, Bihar, shared some facts about depersonalisation.
What Exactly Is Depersonalisation
Depersonalisation can manifest as a primary disorder or as a symptom of other mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
According to WebMd, multifaceted interplay between biological, psychological, and environmental factors can lead to depersonalisation.
Neurobiological Factors
Functional brain imaging studies using techniques like fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) have revealed alterations in brain activity and connectivity in regions associated with self-referential processing, including the prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporoparietal junction.
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Moreover, abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, particularly the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, have been implicated in depersonalisation. Research has shown that dysregulation in these systems may contribute to the altered sense of self experienced by people with depersonalisation.
Psychological Factors
Psychological factors play a crucial role in depersonalisation. Traumatic experiences, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, or accidents, have been identified as potential triggers for depersonalisation. Individuals who have experienced trauma may develop depersonalisation as a defence mechanism to cope with overwhelming emotions and stress.
Additionally, high levels of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive traits, and a tendency towards dissociation have been found to be associated with depersonalisation. These psychological factors interact with other elements, further contributing to the development and persistence of depersonalisation symptoms.
Cognitive and Perceptual Disturbances
Depersonalisation is characterised by various cognitive and perceptual disturbances. People may describe feeling as if they are watching themselves from a distance, living in a dream-like state, or lacking a sense of agency over their actions.
Perception of time may become distorted, and the world may appear unreal or distorted, leading to a heightened sense of detachment.
Research has highlighted alterations in attention, memory, and self-processing in depersonalisation. For example, individuals with depersonalisation tend to exhibit reduced attentional focus on internal bodily sensations, leading to further detachment from their physical selves.
Treatment Options
Treating depersonalisation is a challenging task due to its complex nature. As per Dr Kumar, various therapeutic modalities have shown promise in alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
CBT aims to help individuals identify and challenge maladaptive thoughts and beliefs related to depersonalisation. It focuses on improving coping strategies, reducing avoidance behaviours, and addressing anxiety and stress management.
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Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Mindfulness-based interventions, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), can be beneficial in depersonalisation. These approaches promote present-moment awareness, acceptance of distressing thoughts and sensations, and enhancing psychological flexibility.