Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: Pediatric Neurologist on Causes and Early Intervention

Do you know what neurodevelopmental disorders are in children? In clinical practice, the most common neurodevelopmental disorders we see are autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), followed closely by speech and language delays, global developmental delays, and in some cases, learning disabilities. Each presents its own set of challenges, ranging from communication and social interaction difficulties to problems with attention, behavior regulation, or academic skills. While the symptoms differ, what unites them is that they begin early in life, affect brain development, and if addressed early with structured interventions, children can achieve significant improvement in outcomes.

Causes of neurodevelopmental disorders in children

“The causes are complex and multifactorial,” answers Dr Sonam Kothari, a Pediatric Neurologist, Co- Founder and CEO of Butterfly Learnings.

“For conditions like autism, we know that there is a strong genetic link of autism, with multiple genes influencing brain development even before birth. ADHD also has a substantial hereditary component, though environmental factors such as premature birth, prenatal exposures, or early life adversities can play a role. For speech delays, causes may include hearing impairments, frequent ear infections, or neurodevelopmental conditions. What’s important to emphasize is that neurodevelopmental disorders are not caused by vaccines or parenting style, misconceptions that persist and delay early intervention,” she adds.

Also Read: Is ADHD a Form of Autism? Expert Shares What Sets Them Apart

How can neurodevelopmental disorders in children be diagnosed?

Diagnosis is a careful, multidisciplinary process. It begins with a detailed developmental history and structured observations, often using play-based assessments and standardized tools.

“As a pediatric neurologist, I work alongside psychologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and behavior analysts to form a comprehensive picture of the child’s strengths and challenges. Importantly, we involve parents at every step, not only in reporting developmental milestones but also in therapy planning, because their observations and participation are critical,” shares Dr Sonam Kothari.

Modern approaches also emphasize data-driven tracking of progress, so that intervention plans evolve in response to measurable outcomes.

Is Down syndrome a neurodevelopmental disorder?

According to Dr Sonam Kothari, “Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is not classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in itself, but it often involves developmental and learning differences that overlap with the challenges we see in neurodevelopmental conditions.”

Also Read: What Are The Abilities And Strengths Of Children With Down Syndrome?

For example, a research shares children with Down syndrome may have delays in speech, cognition, or motor skills, and some may also meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder. With the right therapies, speech, occupational, behavioral, and supportive interventions, many of these children can significantly enhance their communication, independence, and quality of life.

Is it possible to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in children?

“For many disorders, particularly autism and genetic conditions, primary prevention is not possible, as the underlying changes occur very early in brain development, often before birth. However, what we can and must focus on is early identification and intervention. This is where the greatest difference is made,” answers Dr Sonam Kothari.

Regular developmental screenings, attention to early warning signs (such as lack of eye contact, delayed speech, or poor attention span), and immediate referral for evidence-based therapies are essential. We call this secondary prevention, not preventing the condition itself, but preventing the escalation of its impact by intervening early. With timely therapy and strong family involvement, children can achieve developmental gains that dramatically improve long-term outcomes.