Gynaecological cancers collectively represent a significant health concern worldwide. It describes any type of cancer that begins in one of a woman's reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, vagina, or vulva. These cancers can affect various parts of the female reproductive system and have different causes, symptoms, and treatments. Hence, detecting these cancers in their early stages can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates. We spoke to Dr Anusha Rao P, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, who listed tests that are essential for detecting early warning signs.
Important Tests To Detect Early Signs Of Gynaecological Cancer
The International Agency for Research on Cancer recently published comprehensive global cancer statistics for 2020, revealing that gynaecological malignancies constituted 15.25% of the estimated 8.2 million new cancer cases in women worldwide. Cervical cancer accounts for 6.5% of cases, endometrial cancer for 4.5%, ovarian cancer for 3.4%, and vulvar cancer for 0.85% of all cases.
Here are important tests listed by Dr Rao that can help in detecting gynaecological cancer:
Pelvic Exam
A pelvic exam allows gynaecologists to physically examine a woman's reproductive organs for any abnormalities, such as lumps or irregularities in the ovaries, uterus, or cervix.
Also Read: Gynaecological Cancer: Expert Lists Its Types, Therapy, And Treatment
Pap Smear
“A Pap smear or pap test is used to detect cervical cancer by collecting cells from the cervix to check for abnormalities or precancerous changes. It's recommended for most women starting at age 25 and should be repeated every few years depending on age and risk factors”, said Dr Rao.
During this procedure, a physician removes a sample of cells from the cervix for laboratory analysis. These cells are then examined by a pathologist under a microscope to detect any signs of malignancy, leading to the diagnosis of cervical cancer, as stated in Yale Medicine.
According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, every five years, co-testing, or Pap tests plus HPV testing, is advised for women 30 years of age and above. If a woman over 65 is at low risk, screening may cease.
HPV
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent virus that is capable of causing cervical cancer. HPV testing is often done along with a Pap smear to identify high-risk strains of the virus.
Also Read: Vaginal And Vulvar Cancer: Expert Explains These Lesser-Known Gynaecological Cancers
Colposcopy
“If abnormalities are found after an HPV or Pap test, a colposcopy can be necessary. This involves using a special magnifying instrument to examine the cervix more closely and take biopsies if necessary”, added Dr Rao.
Transvaginal Ultrasound
Transvaginal Ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic structures. It can help detect abnormalities, such as ovarian cysts or tumours.
CA-125
Dr Rao said, “CA-125 is a protein marker that may be elevated in the blood of women with ovarian cancer. While not recommended for routine screening due to its limitations, it can be used in conjunction with other tests for women at high risk or with concerning symptoms.”
Endometrial Biopsy
Endometrial Biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus to check for abnormalities or cancerous cells. It's commonly done if a woman has abnormal uterine bleeding or other concerning symptoms.
Bottomline
Dr Rao concluded, “Women with a family history of certain gynaecological cancers or inherited genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2) may benefit from genetic testing to assess their risk and guide preventive measures or early detection strategies. Regular screenings and discussions with doctors about individual risk factors are crucial for the early detection and prevention of gynaecological cancers.”
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your expert if you notice any health issues for necessary diagnosis and treatment and diagnosis.]