Have you ever stepped outside on a smoggy day and found it hard to take a deep breath? For those living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), this struggle is all too familiar. While smoking is often the first thing we think of when it comes to COPD, the environment plays a huge role in making breathing even harder. Whether it’s the pollution in busy cities, the dust in our homes, or the cold air on a winter day, these environmental triggers can cause flare-ups and worsen symptoms.
On this World COPD Day, which is observed on 20th November every year, we reached out to Dr Manjunath PH, Consultant - Interventional Pulmonologist, Gleneagles BGS Hospital, Kengeri, Bengaluru, who explained these everyday factors and how small changes in our environment can help people with COPD breathe easier and live better.
As the name suggests, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), COPD is a lung condition resulting from damage to the airways or other lung structures. This damage causes inflammation and airflow obstruction, making breathing difficult.
Key Environmental Triggers for COPD
Several environmental factors can provoke COPD symptoms, leading to hospitalisations and a decline in respiratory health. Understanding these triggers is crucial for prevention and effective disease management. Here are some triggers listed by Dr Manjunath:
Air Pollution
"High levels of air pollution, especially in urban areas, are major COPD triggers. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) can infiltrate the lungs, causing inflammation and aggravating symptoms," said Dr Manjunath.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ambient air pollution contributed to 3.7 million premature deaths globally in 2012, with 14% of these deaths attributed to COPD or acute lower respiratory infections.
Indoor Air Pollutants
“Indoor allergens and pollutants like dust mites, pet dander, mould spores, and volatile chemicals from cleaning products are known to irritate the respiratory system, causing discomfort and flare-ups in COPD patients. Poor ventilation exacerbates these pollutants, leading to more frequent symptoms in enclosed spaces,” said Dr Manjunath.
Also Read: COPD Can Lead To Fatigue: What Causes It And How To Manage Tiredness?
Secondhand Smoke
For COPD patients, secondhand smoke poses serious risks. Inhaling even low levels of cigarette smoke can lead to airway inflammation, exacerbate COPD symptoms, and accelerate lung function decline.
A 2014 study reported that 6.67% of individuals who had never smoked were affected by COPD, with a higher prevalence in men (12.96%) than in women (5.77%). Additionally, the study found that individuals exposed to secondhand smoke had a lower COPD rate (4.34%) compared to those not exposed (7.80%).
Workplace Hazards
COPD patients working in industries with high levels of dust, chemical fumes, or construction particles face additional respiratory risks. Long-term exposure to these irritants can worsen COPD symptoms and lead to faster disease progression if not adequately controlled.
Extreme Weather Conditions
“Cold air and humidity fluctuations can worsen COPD symptoms by putting additional stress on the respiratory system. Cold air constricts airways, making it harder to breathe, while high humidity can make the air feel thicker and more challenging to inhale, especially for those with compromised lung function,” added Dr Manjunath.
Strategies to Minimise COPD Exposure
Effectively managing COPD involves a comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle changes and control of environmental factors. Here are some expert-recommended strategies to minimise exposure to COPD triggers:
Monitor Air Quality Daily
COPD patients should monitor air quality levels using trusted sources or smartphone apps. On high-pollution days, staying indoors can significantly minimise exposure. If it's essential to go outside, wearing a certified mask can help protect against harmful particles.
Ensure a Smoke-Free Environment
“Complete avoidance of cigarette smoke, even secondhand, is critical. COPD patients should make their home a smoke-free zone and encourage family and friends to support them by not smoking in or near their living space,” said Dr Manjunath.
Enhance Indoor Air Quality
Regular cleaning, dusting, and the use of air purifiers with HEPA filters can help reduce indoor allergens. Opting for unscented, non-toxic cleaning products, reducing clutter that collects dust, and ventilating rooms daily can also make a notable difference. COPD patients should limit contact with pets if animal dander is a known trigger.
Adopt Workplace Safety Practices
"For those working in high-risk environments, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as respirators or masks should be worn consistently. Employers should ensure proper ventilation in these areas to reduce pollutant buildup, and employees should follow all safety guidelines rigorously," said Dr Manjunath.
Manage Cold and Humid Conditions
In cold weather, COPD patients should cover their nose and mouth with a scarf to warm the air they breathe. On hot, humid days, staying indoors with air conditioning helps maintain stable, breathable air. COPD patients should avoid heavy physical activities in extreme weather to reduce respiratory strain.
Bottomline
Dr Manjunath concluded, "This World COPD Day, awareness around environmental triggers empowers patients and caregivers to adopt practical strategies for reducing harmful exposure. By managing their surroundings and making lifestyle adjustments, COPD patients can enjoy greater control over their condition and an improved quality of life. Through preventive measures and collective awareness, we can better support those affected by COPD, enhancing their ability to live fully while navigating their respiratory challenges."
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your own professional if you are dealing with any health issues to avoid complications.]