Have you ever felt like your emotions are a roller coaster, veering from one extreme to another? Or maybe you know someone who seems to have a distorted sense of self and struggles with maintaining healthy relationships. These experiences could be the signs of a personality disorder.
Dr Neerja Aggarwal, PhD Psychology, Emoneeds, explained personality disorders, their types, complications, and how to manage them.
What Is Personality Disorder
Dr Aggarwal said that the distinction between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ personality relies upon the continuum between two extremes (very high or very low) of any behaviour. That’s why Personality Disorders (PDs) are a complex and often misunderstood mental health condition that can significantly impact a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. These disorders are characterised by rigid and inflexible thinking, emotional instability, impaired relationships, and disturbances in self-image.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) estimates that 9% of US individuals have at least one personality disorder.
Types Of Personality Disorder
Dr Aggarwal said that PDs are grouped into clusters, based on their descriptive similarities.
Cluster A: Suspicious
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
Paranoid PD is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as evil-minded.
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)
Individuals with SPD have a limited range of emotional expression and struggle with forming close relationships. They tend to be emotionally detached, prefer solitary activities, and may seem indifferent to social interactions.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD)
STPD is characterised by odd or eccentric behaviour, peculiar beliefs or magical thinking, and difficulties with social relationships. People with STPD may experience perceptual distortions and have unusual speech patterns.
Cluster B: Emotional and Repulsive
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
People with borderline personality disorder often struggle with intense emotions, unstable relationships, impulsivity, and a fragile sense of self. They may experience chronic feelings of emptiness and engage in self-harming behaviours.
According to data from the National Comorbidity Study Replication, in US the prevalence of any personality disorder in adults was 9.1% and borderline personality disorder was 1.4%.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
Those with narcissistic personality disorder have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. They may seek constant attention and exploit others for their gain.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
This disorder is characterised by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others, a lack of empathy or remorse, and a tendency to engage in manipulative and antisocial behaviours.
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
Individuals with HPD seek attention and validation through dramatic and attention-seeking behaviour. They often have an exaggerated expression of emotions, and a strong desire to be the centre of attention, and may have difficulty maintaining close relationships.
Cluster C
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
AVPD is marked by feelings of inadequacy and extreme sensitivity to rejection. Individuals with AVPD may avoid social interactions due to fear of criticism or humiliation, even though they desire close relationships.
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
DPD is characterised by an excessive need to be taken care of by others. People with DPD may have difficulty making decisions, rely heavily on others for support and reassurance, and fear being alone or abandoned.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
OCPD involves a preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control. Individuals with OCPD may have rigid rules and high standards for themselves and others, which can interfere with their relationships and flexibility.
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Causes of Personality Disorders
Dr Aggarwal added that the development of personality disorders is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Genetic predisposition, early life experiences, traumatic events, and dysfunctional family dynamics can contribute to the development of these disorders. Also, neurobiological and environmental factors can influence the expression of certain personality traits.
How To Identify A Personality Disorder
Identifying personality disorders can be challenging, as individuals may not seek help or may not be aware of their condition. However, several signs and symptoms can indicate the presence of a personality disorder:
- Difficulties in managing emotions
- Unstable relationships
- Impulsive behaviours
- A distorted self-image
- Chronic feelings of emptiness
- Fear of abandonment
Dr Aggarwal said, “It has been seen that individuals with PD do not recognise themselves as ill and do not seek help unless someone else (such as a spouse or parent) insists on them. This usually happens when maladaptive behaviours create marital, family, and career problems. So, recognising the signs and symptoms of a personality disorder is crucial for early intervention and treatment.”
Managing Personality Disorders
Dr Aggarwal highlighted that the treatment approaches for personality disorders typically involve a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and supportive interventions. Psychotherapies, such as Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), can help individuals develop healthy coping mechanisms, improve emotional regulation, and enhance interpersonal skills. Medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms or co-occurring mental health conditions.
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Potential Complications
If left untreated, personality disorders can lead to various complications that impact different aspects of an individual's life.
Relationship difficulties
The rigid and maladaptive patterns of behaviour exhibited by individuals with personality disorders can strain relationships, leading to conflicts, instability, and social isolation.
Co-occurring mental health disorders
People with personality disorders are at a higher risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, or substance use disorders.
Occupational impairment
Difficulties in managing emotions, maintaining stable relationships, and coping with stress can hinder academic or professional success, leading to career instability.
Self-harm and suicide risk
Individuals with personality disorders are at a higher risk of engaging in self-harming behaviours or experiencing suicidal ideation.
Mental Health Problems
The risk of developing additional mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression is increased.
Bottomline
Understanding personality disorders is crucial for individuals, their families, and society. Recognising the signs, seeking professional help, and engaging in appropriate treatment can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with personality disorders. By promoting awareness, providing education, and reducing the stigma surrounding these conditions, we can create a more compassionate and supportive environment for those affected.
Disclaimer
This article contains information provided by a working healthcare professional. However, we advise that you visit your expert for a personalised diagnosis.