In the ever-evolving landscape of infectious diseases, the concept of 'Disease X' has emerged, signifying an unknown pathogen with pandemic potential. While various infectious diseases have caused global concerns, some have particularly raised alarms due to their potential to spark the next pandemic.
These viruses have been labelled as 'Disease X' by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and is being ket a close eye on to monitor its prevalance. WHO is set to discuss this hypothetical virus at the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland. Here are some diseases that can emerge as Disease X and cause the next pandemic.
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
CCHF is a tick-borne virus that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). With a mortality rate of up to 40%, it has the potential to spread rapidly, especially in regions where the Hyalomma tick, a carrier of the virus, is prevalent.
Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease
Ebola and Marburg viruses belong to the family Filoviridae and can cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates, said CDC. The sporadic outbreaks in Africa have highlighted the challenges in containing these viruses due to their devastating impact and the difficulties in implementing effective public health measures in affected areas.
Lassa Fever
WHO informed, endemic to West Africa, Lassa fever is caused by the Lassa virus. It can lead to hemorrhagic fever and has the potential to cause widespread outbreaks. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated rodents or their excretions.
MERS-CoV and SARS
As per a study conducted by researchers from the Nagoya Institute of Technology, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) are both coronaviruses that have caused significant outbreaks in the past. The zoonotic nature of these viruses, coupled with their ability to spread from person to person, poses a continuous threat of re-emergence and potential pandemics.
Nipah and Henipaviral Diseases
Nipah virus, along with other henipaviruses, is known for its ability to cause severe respiratory and neurological symptoms in humans, according to CDC. The natural reservoirs are fruit bats, and transmission can occur directly or indirectly through contaminated food or surfaces.
Rift Valley Fever
The WHO elucidated that Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans. Mosquitoes transmit the virus to both animals and humans, and RVF has the potential to cause large-scale outbreaks with severe economic and public health consequences.
Zika Virus
Zika virus gained global attention due to its association with microcephaly in newborns. While the virus is primarily transmitted through Aedes mosquitoes, stated WHO, it can also spread through sexual contact. Although Zika's impact has waned in recent years, its potential for re-emergence remains a concern.
Also Read: Disease X Could Be 20 Times Deadlier Than COVID-19: Top 10 Things To Know About It
Disease X serves as a reminder of the unpredictable nature of infectious diseases and the importance of proactive global surveillance and preparedness. Understanding the characteristics and potential threats posed by diseases such as CCHF, Ebola, Lassa fever, MERS-CoV, SARS, Nipah, Rift Valley fever, and Zika is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risks and protect global public health. In the face of evolving infectious threats, vigilance and collaboration are key to preventing and managing potential pandemics.