Breast cancer, a disease that affects millions of women around the world, has seen remarkable progress in treatment options over the years. While surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been staples in breast cancer treatment, recent developments in targeted therapies and immunotherapy have opened new avenues for more effective and less aggressive treatments. We spoke to our expert Dr Shyam Aggarwal, Medical Oncologist, Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, who explained the advances in breast cancer treatment.
According to the National Cancer Institute, US, breast cancer stands out as one of the few cancers that can be reliably detected through an efficient screening method, mammography. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound are employed in the detection of breast cancer, they are not commonly used as standard screening tools for individuals at an average risk.
Targeted Therapies For Breast Cancer Treatment
Dr Aggarwal said, “Traditional treatments like chemotherapy, while effective, often result in widespread damage to healthy cells along with cancerous ones. Targeted therapies, on the other hand, zero in on specific molecules that fuel the growth of cancer cells. They are like precision-guided missiles, sparing the surrounding healthy tissue.”
He added, “One of the most promising breakthroughs in targeted therapies is the development of drugs that target HER2-positive breast cancer. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) promotes the rapid growth of cancer cells. Targeted drugs, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), pertuzumab (Perjeta), and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), have been game-changers in treating HER2-positive breast cancer.” They block the signals that fuel the growth of these cancer cells, resulting in improved outcomes and fewer side effects.
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Hormone Therapy For Breast Cancer Treatment
Another targeted approach is hormone therapy, which is primarily used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Dr Aggarwal said, “Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in some breast cancers are like fuel stations for these tumours. Hormone therapy, including drugs like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and CD4/6 inhibitors, works to block these receptors, stalling the cancer's growth. These treatments have been particularly successful in reducing the risk of recurrence.”
Immunotherapy For Breast Cancer Treatment
Immunotherapy is an innovative approach that utilises the body's immune system to combat cancer. Dr Aggarwal added, “It's like giving your immune system a superhero suit to battle cancer cells effectively. In breast cancer, researchers have been exploring the potential of immunotherapy, and while it's still in its early stages, the results are promising.”
He added, “One approach involves using immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and atezolizumab. These drugs release the brakes on the immune system, allowing it to recognise and attack cancer cells more effectively. Immunotherapy can be particularly helpful in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer, an aggressive subtype that lacks oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors.”
Combination Therapy For Breast Cancer Treatment
In the quest for better breast cancer treatments, combining different therapies has become a powerful strategy. Dr Aggarwal highlighted. “For example, combining targeted therapies with immunotherapy has shown significant potential in clinical trials. By targeting specific molecules while simultaneously bolstering the immune response, these combination treatments offer a two-pronged attack on cancer.”
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Beyond the Lab
These advances are not confined to research labs and clinical trials; they're making their way to the clinics and hospitals where real patients receive treatment. Dr Aggarwal said, “Physicians are increasingly tailoring treatment plans based on a patient's unique genetic makeup, enabling a more personalised approach to care. The era of ‘one size fits all’ treatment is gradually giving way to precision medicine, where the right treatment is chosen for the right patient at the right time.”
The Challenges
Dr Aggarwal further said. “It's important to note that not every breast cancer patient will benefit from these advances. The effectiveness of these therapies often depends on the type and stage of breast cancer. It's also vital to acknowledge that while these treatments offer hope and progress, challenges and unanswered questions remain. Research continues to refine these therapies and explore new possibilities.”
Bottomline
Dr Aggarwal concluded, “Breast cancer treatment has come a long way, moving beyond the conventional arsenal of treatments to embrace targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These advancements offer more effective and less aggressive options for breast cancer patients. Precision medicine, the combination of therapies, and ongoing research are shaping the future of breast cancer care.”
He emphasised. “As research continues to unravel the complexities of breast cancer, one thing remains constant: the determination to improve the lives of those affected by this disease. With targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and the promise of future breakthroughs, the battle against breast cancer continues to advance, bringing hope and healing to countless lives.”
[Disclaimer: The information in this article is shared by a registered healthcare professional and is for informational purposes only. Hence, it should not be substituted for your medical treatment. We advise you to consult with your expert for a treatment plan tailored to your needs.]