The portal vein is a major vein formed by the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein and it provides maximum blood supply to the liver. Portal hypertension is an increased pressure in the portal system. This increased pressure makes it harder for blood to flow normally through the portal vein. These veins become enlarged and twisted causing portal hypertension.
Symptoms OF Portal Hypertension
There are two main symptoms of portal hypertension, viz-a-viz
- Gastrointestinal bleeding: Black stools or blood in vomit or unplanned fall in hemoglobin from gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Ascites: Accumulation of fluid on the abdomen, Encephalopathy, or confusion and fogginess in thinking, Jaundice, the yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera of the eyes and swelling of the lower limbs.
Diagnosis Of Portal Hypertension
In an exclusive interaction with OnlyMyHealth Dr Shubham Vatsya, Consultant Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Faridabad elucidates that the diagnosis of portal hypertension can be done via three processes. They are as following:
1. Imaging and blood tests
Imaging studies are helpful as they are non-invasive and help in establishing a detailed image of your portal venous system. An ultrasound is typically the initial imaging test.
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2. Pressure Measurement Studies
These are invasive methods that help us establish the level of pressure in the hepatic (liver) vein. The portal venous system is accessed via one of the veins, usually via the internal jugular vein.
3. Endoscopic Diagnosis
Endoscopy is an objective way to diagnose varices. An endoscopy not only helps in establishing the diagnosis of the varices but also provides efficient methods to prevent Variceal bleeding as well as stop ongoing bleeding.
Complications of Portal Hypertension
When carried out by an expert gastroenterologist, an endoscopy is a relatively brief and complication-free procedure that can be done on an outpatient basis.However, in most cases there are a few complications observed. The most common complications of portal hypertension are:
1. Ascites
Ascites are an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The most common cause of Ascites is liver cirrhosis. The initial and most important way to reduce and manage ascites is the reduction in salt intake and reduction of free water intake. Once you follow these two things your gastroenterologist might add a low dose diuretic to hasten the process of removal of ascites from the body.
When there are excessive ascites that cannot be managed by low salt intake, low water intake, and a maximum safe dose of diuretic, a gastroenterologist can provide you an option of a Large Volume paracentesis, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting, or a surgical shunting. Among these methods, the easiest and most rapid method is a large volume paracentesis, in which the gastroenterologist inserts a needle into the abdominal cavity under sterile precautions to remove around 3-5 liters of excess fluid from the abdominal cavity.
2. Varices
Varices are swollen veins seen in various places in patients with portal hypertension. Varices most commonly occur in the food pipe or gastric cavity due to portal hypertension. This is often because the blood cannot flow normally through the liver due to excessive liver scarring. In liver cirrhosis, most commonly the bleeding is due to esophageal varices. Bleeding from varices in patients with portal hypertension warrants emergency treatment, and failure to provide emergency resuscitation and halt bleed can be fatal.
3. Encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is a dysfunction in neuropsychiatric function associated with shunting of blood away from the liver due to liver scarring. Symptoms include behavioral changes, reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, confusion, and altered behavior and in severe cases, it can lead to coma and death. It is postulated that there is an increase in ammonia concentration in the blood.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a clinical diagnosis. It is usually treated with methods that target to reduce the blood ammonia levels. The most common complication of portal hypertension is Variceal bleeding.
Treatment Of Portal Hypertension
1. Endoscopic Therapy
The best endoscopic method to manage Variceal bleeding is endoscopic Variceal band location. During banding, the gastroenterologist puts hair band-like rings on the esophageal varices which help in reducing the incoming blood into the varices which leads to necrosis and death of the varices tissue. Banding is repeated for 4 weeks and requires around 4-6 sittings for complete obliteration of varices. Other endoscopic methods to reduce Variceal bleeding include glue injection and sclerotherapy.
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2. Shunting Procedures
One of the other procedures to control Variceal bleeding is shunting. Shunting opts-in cases where Variceal bleeding cannot be stopped by endoscopic and medical management. Shunting can be done nonsurgically which is called TIPSS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunting and Stenting) or surgically.
3. Liver Transplantation
Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver transplantation means your old liver which is diseased is replaced with a new and healthy liver from donors, who donate portions of the liver. Donors can either be living donors or deceased. The surgery is tedious and requires long hours. . However, other than liver transplant there is no other treatment option that is curative.
With inputs from Dr Shubham Vatsya, Consultant Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Faridabad
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