Haemoglobin, the oxygen-binding protein found in the red blood cells, is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, where it is released into the cells. It is an essential protein for life, and its deficiency can lead to several health problems. We spoke to Dr (Prof) Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, Chairman - Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Medicine, Marengo Asia Hospital, Gurugram, who explained the role of haemoglobin, and symptoms, causes, and managing its deficiency.
Importance Of Optimal Haemoglobin Levels
“Maintaining normal Haemoglobin (Hb) levels is vital for optimal body function, with the recommended range being 12.5-14.5 g/dl. For normal Hb, nutrients like iron, folic acid, and B12 vitamins should be in sufficient quantity in the body", informed Dr Agarwal.
“In addition to these nutrients, bone marrow should be functioning normally. In diseases affecting bone marrow, Hb may be low. Kidney health is also a key factor, as the hormone erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys, is crucial for normal Hb production”, he added.
According to StatPearls, haemoglobin aids in the formation of red blood cells' disc-like shape, which facilitates their easy passage through blood channels.
“If any patient has persistent low Hb and there is no obvious cause of low Hb, kidney function tests should be done to diagnose chronic kidney disease. These tests are urine examination for protein loss and serum creatinine to detect poor kidney function”, informed Dr Agarwal.
Symptoms Of Low Haemoglobin Levels
Low Hb levels can lead to various health symptoms. Dr Agarwal listed some of them as follows:
- Individuals may experience persistent fatigue, weakness, and paleness. Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood can contribute to these symptoms.
- Anaemia resulting from low Hb may cause shortness of breath, dizziness, and an increased heart rate.
“In cases of chronic kidney disease, associated symptoms may include swelling, elevated blood pressure, and changes in urination patterns. Abnormal findings in urine examinations, revealing protein loss (proteinuria), can also be indicative of kidney-related Hb issues”, added Dr Agarwal.
Causes Of Low Haemoglobin Levels
Dr Agarwal listed the factors contributing to low Hb levels as follows:
- Nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, folic acid, and B12 vitamins, can impair Hb synthesis.
- Disorders affecting the bone marrow, such as aplastic anaemia or leukaemia, can lead to diminished Hb production.
- Chronic kidney diseases disrupt the production of erythropoietin, a crucial hormone for Hb synthesis, resulting in low Hb levels.
“In cases where the cause of low Hb remains elusive, a thorough investigation may be warranted, considering factors like chronic illnesses, infections, or inflammatory disorders. Identifying and addressing the underlying causes are critical for effective management and overall well-being,” informed Dr Agarwal.
Managing Low Haemoglobin Levels
Dr Agarwal listed ways to manage haemoglobin levels as follows:
- Addressing nutrient deficiencies through supplements (iron, folic acid, B12 vitamins) is a primary strategy for managing low haemoglobin levels.
- Treating underlying bone marrow disorders, such as aplastic anaemia or leukaemia, is crucial for improving Hb production.
- In cases of chronic kidney disease, managing kidney health through medications, lifestyle changes, and, when necessary, erythropoietin-stimulating agents can positively impact Hb levels.
- Lifestyle modifications, regular blood tests, and collaboration with healthcare professionals contribute to comprehensive care.
- Severe anaemia cases may require interventions, such as blood transfusions or medications stimulating red blood cell production.
- Patient education about the condition and adherence to prescribed treatments enhance overall management effectiveness.
[Disclaimer: The information in this article is shared by a registered healthcare professional and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your expert if you notice any symptoms to get the necessary treatment.]