India's HIV Deaths Drop By 80%: Why Strengthening Awareness and Reducing Stigma Still Matters

India has recorded a significant dip of around 49 percent in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cases and around 81 percent decline in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths between 2010 and 2024, as per the data shared by the government on Sunday, ahead of World AIDS Day 2025.

The report underlines that this significant drop in numbers is due to the substantial scale-up of prevention, testing, and treatment services under the current phase of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP).

While these numbers show a positive sign in India’s fight against the AIDS pandemic, there is still a strong need to strengthen awareness and reduce stigma around HIV, especially in vulnerable communities, shares Dr S M Fayaz, Senior Consultant - Internal Medicine, KIMS Hospital, Bengaluru. Read ahead to find out more.

HIV Cases in India

Recent global estimates show AIDS-related deaths have declined by nearly 40 percent because of expanded testing, antiretroviral therapy, and public health efforts. According to the data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the National AIDS Control Organisation reported that between 2010 and 2024, India achieved a 48.7 percent decline in annual new HIV infections, an 81.4 percent reduction in AIDS-related deaths, and a 74.6 percent decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Behind these positive numbers are the increased HIV testing (4.13 crore in 2020-21 and 6.62 crore in 2024–25) and early access to antiretroviral therapy.

Understanding the Difference Between HIV and AIDS

Although HIV and AIDS are distinct medical conditions, widespread misconceptions about their differences persist.

AIDS is the final and most severe stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged. It is a chronic disease that weakens the immune system, attacking white blood cells, making it hard for the body to fight any illness, according to the Cleveland Clinic report.

Dr Fayaz explained, "HIV slowly weakens the immune system, and AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV. At this level, the immune system is weak, making people more likely to develop serious infections."

Also Read: World AIDS Day 2025: Theme, History and Significance

"Not all individuals with HIV will progress to AIDS. This condition does not have any cure so far, but with early diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy (ART), regular monitoring, and preventive care, people with HIV can maintain strong immune systems and lead healthy, active lives,” Dr Fayaz stated.

How HIV Affects the Body?

Dr Fayaz shared that the initial symptoms of HIV infection typically appear two to four weeks following exposure. These may include:

• Fever
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue
• Chills
• Mouth ulcers

If left untreated, HIV infection may progress to AIDS, developing severe symptoms that include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fevers
• Chronic diarrhoea
• Recurrent respiratory infections
• Mouth or genital sores
• Cognitive changes

These symptoms require immediate medical help, as they indicate significant immune system damage.

Also Read: Can Sex Toys Cause STIs? What Expert Has To Say

Doctor Debunks Most Common Myths

Despite the progress made with decades of public health education, there is still a prevalent stigma and misinformation leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment for many and resulting in discrimination. Dr Fayaz shared a few myths and their facts that are must-know for everyone:

Myth 1: HIV can be transmitted by sharing food, kissing, hugging, or using common restrooms.

Fact: HIV cannot be transmitted by sharing food, kissing, hugging, or using common restrooms, as the disease is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, syringes, and from mother to child.

Myth 2: There is no need for protection if both partners have HIV.

Fact: Protection is still required when both partners have HIV, as different strains or types of the virus can lead to complications or reinfection, further damaging the immune system.

Myth 3: HIV cannot spread through oral sex.

Fact: The risk of HIV spread through oral sex is lower, but it cannot be ignored, as HIV can be passed through oral sex if there are cuts or sores in the mouth.

Myth 4: With HIV/AIDS, a normal life is impossible.

Fact: With modern antiretroviral therapy and regular monitoring, the symptoms can be managed, and many people affected by the chronic disease can continue to live a normal and long-term healthy life.

Living With HIV: Detection and Care

Today, HIV is managed with antiretroviral medicines that prevent the virus from replicating, protect the immune system, and lower the transmission risk. Dr Fayaz underlines that in recent years, medical advancements and raised awareness have improved access to diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. “Current regimens are well tolerated and supported by structured monitoring, vaccinations, preventive screening, and counselling. With consistent medical follow-up, individuals can pursue personal and professional goals confidently,” Dr Fayaz shared.

Dr Fayaz further mentioned, “When the virus is undetectable in the blood, it cannot be passed on through sex. This is called U=U, or Undetectable = Untransmittable.”

Speaking about the effective treatment technologies, Dr Faya “Modern tests emphasised he recent treatments, stating, "Self-testing kits let individuals assess their status privately, improving early detection and reducing barriers to care. Long-acting injectable therapies given once every few weeks offer consistent viral suppression and a discreet option for many. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are changing how we prevent HIV.”

Stigma Remains a Critical Challenge

Even with medical advances and a robust public education, stigma still keeps some people away from getting tested or treated. According to the World Health Organization, the cases of HIV are most prevalent in the lower and middle-income countries, and the worst-impacted are sex workers, lower literacy rate areas, and marginalised communities. There is still a stigma among people to talk about their health problems, which peaks when it comes to sexually transmitted diseases (STIs).

Dr Fayaz stated, “To break these barriers, we need clear information, respectful conversations, and community support because fighting stigma is as important as a good treatment. Governments, local communities, and NGOs are working to strengthen awareness, encourage early testing, and foster supportive environments, remaining committed to reducing new infections and improving outcomes for those affected.