Oesophageal cancer is a formidable health challenge, often presenting significant risks and complexities for those affected. The disease remains a major cause of cancer mortality and disease burden across the world. Globally, there were approximately 604,000 new cases and 544,000 deaths from esophageal cancer in 2020. It is expected to increase to 957,000 cases and 880,000 deaths annually by 2040. “Oesophageal cancer is increasingly diagnosed in younger people, not just the middle-aged population,” shares Dr Jaskaran Singh Sethi, Sr. Consultant & Chief of GI, HPB & Pediatric Radiation Oncology Services at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre (RGCIRC). If you have acid reflux issues, keep reading to uncover the risks, symptoms and preventive measures of Esophageal Cancer.
Our bodies are intricate systems, each part working together to keep us healthy. One essential component is the alimentary canal, which helps in digestion. Oesophagus is a vital organ often overlooked until problems arise. Oesophagus is a tubular organ responsible for food and liquids to reach the stomach. Despite its small size and flexible structure, it plays a crucial role in digestion.
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Link Between Acid Reflux and Esophageal Cancer
Like any part of the body, the oesophagus is prone to diseases and disorders that can disrupt its function and pose significant health risks. One such condition that has gained attention in recent years is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). "GERD occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing irritation and inflammation- a phenomenon commonly known as acid reflux. While occasional acid reflux is often harmless, persistent or chronic acid exposure can lead to complications, including a condition known as Barrett's oesophagus," explains Dr Sethi.
Barrett's oesophagus is a premalignant condition characterised by changes in the cells lining the oesophagus. Over time, these changes can increase the risk of developing oesophageal cancer, a potentially life-threatening disease. Histologically, oesophageal cancer can be predominantly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
Risk factors for oesophageal cancer
Dr Jaskaran Singh Sethi shares, "In India, squamous cell carcinoma has historically been the more prevalent type of oesophageal cancer. However, global trends, including those in India, indicate a rising incidence of adenocarcinoma, a shift often attributed to factors such as obesity and GERD. While smoking and alcohol consumption are established risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma, obesity and Barrett's oesophagus are more closely associated with adenocarcinoma."
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Potential symptoms of oesophageal cancer
Individuals experiencing these symptoms of esophageal cancer should seek medical advice promptly:
- persistent acidity
- Dyspepsia
- excessive gas formation
- difficulty and pain while swallowing
Diagnostic procedures, such as upper GI endoscopy, can help identify any abnormalities in the oesophagus and initiate timely interventions to reduce the risk of cancer development.
Managing the symptoms and preventing the condition
Furthermore, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and weight management, play a pivotal role in managing GERD and reducing the risk of complications. Avoiding foods with excessive spices, highly acidic and smoked food, and adopting healthier eating habits can alleviate symptoms and promote overall digestive health.
In addition to lifestyle changes, treatment protocols for oesophageal cancer typically involve a combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, tailored to the specific type and stage of the disease. Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment strategies offer the best chance of favourable outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals affected by oesophageal cancer.