-1733483601821.webp)
Guilty of using the two terms– Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)- interchangeably? The two terms are intertwined but refer to a different set of symptoms and cater to different bases. While breaking the stigma around this topic and holding conversations around it is essential, it is also imperative to be aware of testing options around you, that maintain confidentiality and are safe.
To understand the nuances and gain insights into confidential testing options in India, we at OnlyMyHealth spoke to an expert, Dr Hina Shaikh, Consultant- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fortis Hiranandani Hospital, Vashi.
Related: Why STD Risk Should NOT Be Overlooked In Older Adults
How Are STDs Different From STIs?
STIs and STDs are closely related but not the same. An STI refers to the presence of an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites in the body, which may or may not show symptoms. For example, you can have a STD like chlamydia without symptoms, but if untreated, it can develop into Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (an STD) with evident complications. Simply put, all STDs start as STIs, but not all STIs become STDs.
Corroborating this, Dr. Shaikh explains, “Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are caused by bacteria, virus, fungus or parasites that spread through sexual contact. STIs cause Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), when the infection progresses to show symptoms of the disease. Both STI and STD can spread through sexual, oral or anal contact with vaginal fluid, semen, blood, or any body fluids.”
Our expert further highlights that STD screening tests may include blood samples, urine samples, vaginal swabs, and pap smears (tests for cervical cancer). Testing for STD entails deploying an STD test panel which includes a variety of tests to detect infections like:
Common Symptoms Of STDs And STIs
Initial Symptoms (STIs)
- Pain or discomfort during urination or sexual activity
- Sores, bumps, or rashes on the genitals, anus, or mouth
- Itching or unusual discharge from the genitals
- Painful or swollen testicles
Advanced Symptoms (STDs)
- Persistent fever
- Fatigue and memory loss
- Nausea and weight loss
- Changes in vision or hearing
- Recurring pain or lumps/swelling
Types Of STIs And STDs
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Screened using blood tests for antibodies or antigens.
- Syphilis: Tested via VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test.
- Hepatitis B and C: Detected using specific viral antigen and antibody tests.
- Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Diagnosed with Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs).
- Herpes (HSV-1 & HSV-2): Confirmed through antibody blood tests.
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Screened using HPV DNA tests.
- Trichomoniasis: Identified through NAT tests or microscopic examination.
Confidential Testing And Screening Options In India
“There are many confidential screening options for STD in India”, says Dr. Shaikh. She shares the following lowdown.
Government Hospitals and Clinics
- Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers (ICTC): Operated by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), these centers offer free HIV testing and counseling.
- District Hospitals: Provide STI screening under the National STI Control Program.
Private Diagnostic Labs
- Offer confidential testing panels for STDs.
- At-home sample collection is available for privacy.
NGO and Trust-Based Clinics
Several NGOs collaborate with health organizations to provide low-cost and discreet STD screening.
At-Home Testing Kits
Available at medical shops and online, these kits allow individuals to collect samples privately and send them to certified labs for analysis.
Prevention Tips
- Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms to lower the risk of transmission.
- Regular Screenings: Especially if you are sexually active with multiple partners.
- Open Communication: Discuss sexual health with partners and seek medical advice when needed.
- Vaccinations: Protect against preventable STDs like HPV and Hepatitis B.
Being proactive about testing and prevention ensures better health outcomes and helps reduce the stigma around sexual health conversations. If you’re concerned, confidential options ensure privacy and timely treatment.