Bone cancer in children, though rare, is a serious condition that requires immediate attention. Understanding the factors that contribute to its development and the available treatment options is crucial for parents, caregivers, and medical professionals. According to National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, childhood cancers (0-14 years of age) comprise 4% of all reported cancers in the ICMR-NCDIR’s national cancer registry programme. This article delves into the various causes of bone cancer in children and explores the treatment avenues that offer hope and healing with expertise of Dr Sirisha Rani, Pediatric Hematologist & Oncologist, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad.
Types of Bone Cancer in Children
Bone cancer in children primarily manifests in two forms: osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common type, typically affecting the long bones such as the arms and legs. Ewing sarcoma, on the other hand, can occur in any bone but is often found in the pelvis, thigh, and chest wall. Both types require distinct approaches to treatment and management. As per a media report, In India, the incidence of childhood cancer, including bone cancer, is estimated to be between 38 to 124 per million children per year.
Genetic Factors
“Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of bone cancer in children. Certain hereditary syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma, increase the risk of developing osteosarcoma. Additionally, genetic mutations that occur spontaneously can also lead to the onset of bone cancer. Understanding these genetic predispositions helps in early detection and personalized treatment plans,” shares Dr Rani.
Also Read: Ewing’s Sarcoma: Understanding The Rare Bone Cancer Affecting Mainly Children
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors, though less common, can contribute to the development of bone cancer in children. Exposure to high doses of radiation, either from previous cancer treatments or environmental sources, has been linked to an increased risk. Similarly, exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in industrial settings, may also play a role. While these factors are not as prevalent, they highlight the importance of a safe and healthy environment for children.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Recognizing the symptoms of bone cancer early can significantly improve treatment outcomes. According to Dr Rani, “Common symptoms of bone cancer include persistent bone pain, swelling, and fractures that occur without significant trauma. Diagnostic procedures such as X-rays, MRI scans, and biopsies are essential in confirming the presence of bone cancer and determining its type and stage. Early and accurate diagnosis is key to effective treatment.”
Also Read: Parita Dholakia’s Life Experience of Living with Osteogenesis Imperfecta aka Brittle Bone Disease
Treatment Options for Bone Cancer in Children
Treatment for bone cancer in children involves a combination of approaches tailored to the individual patient.
- Surgery is often the first line of treatment, aiming to remove the tumor while preserving as much of the bone and surrounding tissue as possible.
- Chemotherapy is used to target and kill cancer cells, either before surgery to shrink the tumor or after to eliminate any remaining cells.
- Radiation therapy, though less common, may be employed in certain cases.
- Emerging treatments, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are showing promise in improving outcomes and reducing side effects.
Support and Coping Mechanisms
The journey through bone cancer treatment can be challenging for both the child and their family. Dr Rani concludes by saying, “Psychological support, including counseling and therapy, is vital in helping children cope with the emotional and mental stress of their diagnosis and treatment. Support groups provide a sense of community and shared experience, offering comfort and advice from others who have faced similar challenges. Family involvement is crucial, as a strong support system can significantly impact the child’s overall well-being and recovery.”
In a study conducted by Indian Journal of Musculoskeletal Radiology, it was found that of all musculoskeletal neoplasms in India, around 60% were bone tumors. Of these bone tumors, 66% were malignant, 15% were benign, and 19% were non-neoplastic. Bone cancer in children is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive understanding of its causes and treatment options. While genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development, early detection and a combination of surgical, chemical, and emerging treatments offer hope for effective management. With continued advancements in medical research and a strong support system, there is optimism for improved outcomes and a brighter future for children affected by bone cancer.