Have you ever wondered why some people catch colds frequently while others seem to have a strong immune system? According to Dr Joydeep Ghosh, Internal Medicine Specialist, Fortis Hospital, Anandapur, the answer lies in a complex interplay of genetics, lifestyle choices, and immune function.
Our body’s ability to fight infections depends on several factors, including inherited immune traits, daily habits, and overall health. Understanding these influences can help individuals take proactive steps to strengthen their immunity and reduce the risk of frequent illnesses.
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Why Some People Get Sick More Often Than Others
“Varied immune responses underlie susceptibility to illness. Factors include genetic predispositions affecting antibody production, lifestyle choices impacting T-cell function, and chronic conditions compromising immune surveillance,” Dr Ghosh tells the OnlyMyHealth team.
He adds, “Genetic variations significantly influence illness frequency. Inherited immunodeficiencies, such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), impair antibody production. Polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokines or Toll-like receptors alter immune response magnitude. HLA gene variations impact antigen presentation, affecting T-cell activation and disease susceptibility.”
The doctor further suggests that nutritional deficiencies and stress can further impair defence mechanisms, increasing infection vulnerability.
Role Of Immune System
The immune system plays a crucial role in determining how often a person falls ill. It consists of innate and adaptive immunity, both of which are essential for fighting infections.
Innate immunity, which includes physical barriers like the skin and immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, provides the first line of defence against pathogens. On the other hand, adaptive immunity, involving T-cells and antibodies, provides long-term protection and memory against recurring infections.
Additionally, genetic predispositions can influence immune response effectiveness. For instance, conditions like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) reduce antibody production, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Additionally, variations in genes responsible for cytokine production and antigen recognition impact immune efficiency, influencing how often a person falls sick.
Stress And Lack Of Sleep To Blame?
According to Dr Ghosh, stress and sleep deprivation can also impair immune function. "Elevated cortisol from chronic stress suppresses lymphocyte activity and cytokine production. Insufficient sleep reduces natural killer cell cytotoxicity and T-cell proliferation. These physiological changes weaken the body's defence, increasing susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections," he explains.
A review of 11 studies published in the journal Family Practice found that sleeping less than 7–9 hours increases the risk of upper respiratory infections, while longer sleep has no significant impact. Poor sleep quality may also raise susceptibility.
Furthermore, managing stress through meditation, exercise, and relaxation techniques can help support immune health, while prioritising sleep ensures optimal immune function.
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Dietary Changes To Strengthen Immunity
Dr Ghosh recommends eating a well-balanced diet to maintain a strong immune system. Nutrients like vitamins C, D, and zinc play a crucial role in enhancing immune cell activity and reducing inflammation. Vitamin C, found in citrus fruits and bell peppers, boosts white blood cell production. Vitamin D, obtained from sunlight exposure and fortified foods, regulates immune responses and helps prevent infections. Zinc, present in nuts, legumes, and pumpkin seeds, aids in wound healing and immune cell function.
Hydration is also vital, as it supports lymphatic circulation, which is necessary for immune surveillance. Additionally, regular exercise and stress management further contribute to maintaining robust immunity, reducing the likelihood of frequent illnesses.
Conclusion
While some people may be genetically predisposed to getting sick more often, lifestyle factors like stress levels, sleep patterns, and nutrition play a crucial role in immune function. Strengthening the immune system requires a holistic approach. By making conscious health choices, people can enhance their immunity and reduce their vulnerability to infections, leading to a healthier and more resilient life.