The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently confirmed a human case of bird flu in India, marking the second occurrence of the H9N2 virus in the country. This infection has been identified in a four-year-old child from West Bengal, who is currently receiving intensive medical care. This announcement brings attention to the risks associated with bird flu, the symptoms to watch for, and the necessary precautions to prevent infection.
Overview of H9N2 Bird Flu
Bird flu, or Avian influenza, is caused by influenza Type A viruses, which primarily affect birds but can also infect humans. The H9N2 strain, while less common than other strains like H5N1, poses significant health risks. The first human case of H9N2 in India was reported in 2019, and this recent case highlights the ongoing threat of this virus.
How Does Bird Flu Spread?
Bird flu viruses are typically spread through direct contact with infected birds or environments contaminated by their droppings, saliva, or secretions. Human infections often occur when individuals are exposed to these contaminated sources, especially in settings like poultry farms or live bird markets. The WHO classifies influenza A viruses based on their original hosts, including avian and swine influenza, among others.
Symptoms of Bird Flu in Humans
The symptoms of bird flu can vary from mild to severe. Common manifestations include:
- Respiratory Symptoms: Patients may experience mild upper respiratory tract infections, which can progress to severe respiratory issues.
- Conjunctivitis: Eye infections, characterised by redness and irritation, are also common.
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea can occur.
- Neurological Symptoms: Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and encephalopathy (disease of the brain) are serious complications that can arise.
Diagnosing Bird Flu
Accurate diagnosis of bird flu in humans requires laboratory testing. The WHO periodically updates its guidelines and protocols for detecting zoonotic influenza, utilising molecular methods to ensure precise identification of the virus.
Preventative Measures
To minimize the risk of contracting bird flu, the WHO recommends several preventative measures:
Limiting Exposure to Infected Animals
- Avoid High-Risk Areas: Individuals should avoid areas where bird flu outbreaks have been reported, such as farms and live bird markets.
- Handle Birds with Care: If contact with birds is necessary, it is important to handle them with care and use protective equipment.
Maintaining Personal Hygiene
- Hand Washing: Regularly wash hands with soap and water, especially after contact with birds or their environments.
- Personal Cleanliness: Maintain overall personal hygiene to reduce the risk of infection.
Case of H5N1 in Australia
In a related incident, a two-and-a-half-year-old girl in Australia tested positive for the H5N1 strain of bird flu. She had recently travelled to India, highlighting the global nature of avian influenza and the need for international vigilance and cooperation in monitoring and controlling the spread of the virus.
Bottomline
The confirmation of a human case of H9N2 bird flu in India serves as a reminder of the ongoing risks posed by avian influenza. By understanding the symptoms, modes of transmission, and preventative measures, individuals can better protect themselves and contribute to broader public health efforts to control the spread of this virus. The WHO continues to play a crucial role in monitoring and providing guidance on avian influenza, underscoring the importance of global health initiatives in combating infectious diseases.