A racing heartbeat, shortness of breath, and unexplained fatigue - these symptoms can be alarming and may indicate a condition known as hypertensive heart disease. When high blood pressure goes uncontrolled for an extended period, it can wreak havoc on our cardiovascular system, leading to serious complications. Dr Sanjay Kumar, Director & HOD, Cardiology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Faridabad, explained this health condition, its symptoms and risk factors.
What Is Hypertensive Heart Disease
Dr Kumar said that hypertensive heart disease is a medical condition that occurs when high blood pressure damages the heart and blood vessels. High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, is a condition in which the force of the blood on the blood vessel walls is excessive. This extra force puts a strain on the heart and blood vessels, which can lead to various complications, such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney damage.
According to StatPearls Publishing, the global prevalence of hypertension is 26.4%, accounting for 1.1 billion people, however only one in every five persons has their blood pressure under control.
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Symptoms of Hypertensive Heart Disease
In its early stages, hypertensive heart disease may not exhibit any noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, certain signs may manifest, indicating potential heart-related issues. These symptoms can include:
Chest pain or discomfort
Individuals may experience chest pain, tightness, or pressure, commonly known as angina. This discomfort may occur during physical activity or periods of emotional stress and typically subsides with rest.
Shortness of Breath
As the heart struggles to pump blood efficiently due to the increased workload caused by hypertension, individuals may feel breathless or experience difficulty breathing, particularly during physical exertion.
Fatigue
The heart muscle's compromised function can result in decreased blood supply to other organs, leading to fatigue or a general sense of tiredness, even with minimal exertion.
Irregular heartbeat
Hypertensive heart disease can disrupt the heart's electrical system, leading to arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). This may manifest as palpitations or a sensation of the heart fluttering or racing.
Swelling
The compromised function of the heart can cause fluid retention, leading to swelling in the ankles, legs, or abdomen.
It is important to note that these symptoms are not exclusive to hypertensive heart disease and can be indicative of other cardiac conditions. Consulting a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis is crucial if you experience any of these symptoms.
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Risk Factors For Hypertensive Heart Disease
Dr Kumar listed the risk factors for hypertensive heart disease as follows:
Age
The risk of developing hypertensive heart disease increases with age, as blood vessels and the heart tend to lose some flexibility and resilience.
Family history
A family history of hypertension or hypertensive heart disease can increase an individual's predisposition to developing the condition. Genetic factors can influence blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular health.
Smoking and alcohol consumption
Smoking damages blood vessels and increases blood pressure, while excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure levels. Both habits can contribute to the development of hypertensive heart disease.
Obesity
Excess body weight, particularly abdominal obesity, increases the risk of developing hypertension and subsequent heart disease. Adipose tissue produces hormones and substances that can negatively impact blood pressure regulation.
Physical inactivity
Lack of regular physical activity contributes to the development of hypertension and increases the risk of hypertensive heart disease. Exercise helps maintain cardiovascular health, promotes healthy blood pressure levels, and strengthens the heart muscle.
High blood pressure
The primary risk factor for hypertensive heart disease is uncontrolled or poorly managed hypertension. Prolonged elevated blood pressure levels can strain the heart, leading to its structural and functional changes.
Bottomline
Dr Kumar concluded that the treatment for hypertensive heart disease may include medication to lower blood pressure, lifestyle modifications, imaging tests, and surgery. While the condition is potentially life-threatening, the prognosis can be improved significantly with early diagnosis, proper treatment, and adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, proper weight management, quitting smoking, reducing stress, and maintaining a healthy diet, are crucial in reducing the risk of hypertension and its associated heart complications.