Wheezing or shortness of breath can indicate several underlying conditions. For asthma patients, it may signal a flare-up, while in others, it could be a sign of allergic distress or other lung issues. One commonly overlooked cause is bronchial spasm, also known as bronchospasm, which is a condition where the muscles lining the airways tighten, narrowing them and making breathing difficult.
In an interaction with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr Vikas Mittal, Pulmonologist, Director – Wellness Home Clinic and Sleep Centre, Paschim Vihar, Delhi, discusses the common causes of bronchial spasm and explains how one can differentiate it from other lung problems like asthma.
Also Read: Can You Develop Asthma Later In Life? Know What May Put You At Risk
Common Causes Of Bronchial Spasm
Bronchial spasms can be caused by several factors, including:
Respiratory infections: Viral or bacterial infections like the flu or bronchitis can irritate the airways and lead to spasms.
Asthma: Allergic reactions in asthma cause bronchial spasms due to airway inflammation and sensitivity.
Allergens and irritants: Exposure to smoke, strong odours, dust, pollen, or air pollution can trigger bronchial spasms.
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB): Intense physical activity, especially in cold or dry air, can lead to bronchial spasms.
Medications: Certain drugs, like beta-blockers or aspirin, can trigger bronchial spasms in sensitive individuals.
Chronic lung diseases: Conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can also cause bronchial spasms.
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Acid reflux can irritate the airways and contribute to spasms.
Those most at risk include individuals with asthma, COPD, allergies, and those frequently exposed to environmental pollutants. Athletes and people with respiratory infections are also at higher risk.
How To Differentiate Bronchial Spasm From Asthma?
While bronchial spasms are often associated with asthma and the two share similar symptoms, they are different.
According to Dr Mittal, bronchial spasms are usually short-lived and triggered by specific irritants, whereas asthma is a chronic condition with recurring episodes. Asthma attacks are often caused by allergens, cold air, or exercise, while bronchial spasms may also result from infections, medications, or acid reflux.
Additionally, asthma symptoms typically respond well to inhalers like bronchodilators and steroids, whereas bronchial spasms may require other treatments depending on the cause.
Also Read: Can You Differentiate Between Pneumonia and Bronchitis? Expert Tips To Tell Them Apart
Immediate Steps To Take For Bronchial Spasm
If someone is experiencing a bronchial spasm, taking quick action is crucial:
Use a bronchodilator: If prescribed, a fast-acting inhaler (such as salbutamol) can help relax the airway muscles.
Stay calm and sit upright: Anxiety can worsen symptoms. Sitting up straight and taking slow, controlled breaths can help.
Avoid triggers: Move away from smoke, strong odours, or other potential irritants.
Hydration: Drinking warm fluids can help soothe the airways and reduce mucus buildup.
Steam inhalation: Inhaling warm, moist air can sometimes provide relief by loosening mucus and reducing airway irritation.
Seek emergency help: If breathing difficulties persist or worsen, seek medical attention immediately.
Long-Term Management Tips For Bronchial Spasm
For those who frequently experience bronchial spasms, long-term management is key. Dr Mittal shares a few strategies:
- Proper management of asthma, COPD, or GERD
- Identifying and avoiding allergens
- Long-term inhalers to treat chronic airway inflammation
- Breathing exercises like pursed-lip breathing or diaphragmatic breathing
- Regular check-ups with a pulmonologist
Takeaway
Bronchial spasms can occur due to various reasons, often associated with asthma. Managing it usually involves making simple lifestyle changes. Identifying triggers and risk factors such as air pollution, chemicals, and cigarette smoke is crucial, and eating a healthy diet with anti-inflammatory foods can support lung health. By taking these steps, individuals can reduce symptoms of bronchial spasm and improve overall respiratory well-being.