A Pap smear, or Pap test, is a screening tool to check for cervical cancer and cervical cell changes. But occasionally, even when there are no precancerous cells, the tests can reveal evidence of inflammation, which can also be alarming. Although inflammation is not generally indicative of cancer, it does mean the cervical cells have reacted to some form of irritation or infection.
In this article, Dr M. V. Jyothsna, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Yashoda Hospitals, Malakpet, explains what inflammation in Pap smear results implies, its potential causes, and what women need to do next.
Also Read: Cervical Cancer Prevention: How Maintaining Personal Hygiene Can Reduce The Risk
When Should Women Opt For A Pap Smear?
“Pap tests should begin at age 21,” says Dr Jyothsna, adding that if results are normal, retesting is recommended every three years.
For ages 21-29:
- A Pap test every three years is sufficient.
- HPV testing is optional for women aged 25–29, though Pap tests remain preferred.
For ages 30-65 (women have three screening options):
- Pap test + HPV test (co-testing) every five years
- Pap test alone every three years
- HPV test alone every five years
These screenings help detect early changes in the cervix before they become cancerous. Regular testing significantly increases the chance of catching abnormalities early, when treatment is most effective.
What Does “Inflammation” In Pap Smear Result Reveal?
When a Pap smear indicates inflammation, it means that the cervical cells appear irritated. This doesn’t automatically point to cancer but can result from a number of benign or infectious causes. Here are some of the most common:
Bacterial Vaginosis
This is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in the normal bacteria present in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis can:
- Cause mild to moderate inflammation of the cervix.
- Lead to changes in cervical cells that are visible under a microscope.
- Treatment: Antibiotics prescribed by a doctor can usually clear the infection, allowing cervical cells to return to normal.
Also Read: Cervical Cancer Awareness Month 2025: Know The Early Signs And Prevention
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite. It can trigger:
- Inflammation or irritation of the cervix
- Abnormalities in the Pap smear result
- Symptoms may include unusual discharge, itching, or discomfort during urination or sex — although many women are asymptomatic.
- Treatment: Oral medication (usually metronidazole or tinidazole) can effectively treat the infection.
Yeast infection (Candidiasis)
A yeast infection is often caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a fungus naturally found in the vaginal area. It can lead to:
- Redness, itching, and irritation of the vaginal walls
- Altered appearance of cervical cells on a Pap smear
- Treatment: Antifungal medications, either oral or topical, usually resolve the infection and inflammation.
Other Potential Causes Of Inflammation
Besides infections, other reasons for inflammation may include:
- Recent intercourse before the test
- Use of tampons or douches
- Allergic reactions (e.g., to latex condoms or spermicides)
- Hormonal fluctuations, especially in menopausal women
- Chronic cervicitis, a long-term irritation of the cervix
Should You Be Worried?
In most cases, inflammation in a Pap smear result is not serious and can be resolved with appropriate treatment. However, it’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider to:
- Determine the cause of the inflammation.
- Treat any underlying infections.
- Decide if a repeat Pap test is needed after treatment.
If inflammation is persistent or accompanied by abnormal cells, additional tests such as an HPV test or a colposcopy (a more detailed cervical examination) may be recommended, shares Dr Jyothsna.
Conclusion
Although getting Pap smear results that mention "inflammation" can be worrisome, it's most likely related to something as simple as a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. It is not cancer, but it does indicate something is irritating the cells in the cervix.
The important thing to remember is to follow up if you get abnormal results. Early diagnosis and treatment can avoid complications and keep your cervical health on track.