When couples fail in conceiving, a woman’s fertility is often the first problem to be questioned. Infertility in women is most common and often talked about; however, infertility problems in men are generally overlooked. Infertility among men is rather a complicated and delicate topic which affects family planning to a greater extent.
According to the World Health Organization, millions of people face the problem of infertility. It states that one in six couples experience infertility across the world.
A study published by the National Institute of Health states that the male is solely responsible in about 20% of cases and is a contributing factor in another 30% to 40% of all infertility cases. To understand what causes infertility in men, OnlyMyHealth team interacted with Dr Kiran Dhake, Corporate Wellness Physician, Mumbai.
Causes of Infertility in Men
“Infertility in men can be multifactorial and it is broadly categorised into hormonal, physical, genetic, lifestyle, and environmental causes,” Dr Dhake said. Here are some common causes given by Dr Dhake.
1. Hormonal disorders
One of the major reasons for infertility in men as per Dr Dhake is hormonal problem. Hypogonadism, i.e. inadequate production of testosterone and other hormones related to reproduction by the testes can lead to infertility. Additionally, disorders with the pituitary gland that is located at the base of the brain, can affect hormone production, impacting sperm production.
2. Physical and Structural disorders
Varicocele, a condition in which enlargement and ballooning of the vein network within the scrotum can alter the testicular temperature, impairing sperm production, leading to infertility. Conditions such as retrograde ejaculation, where semen enters the urinary bladder, instead of emerging through the penis can also lead to infertility in men. “Moreover, infections such as epididymitis, orchitis, respectively and sexually transmitted infections, can affect sperm health. Defects in the sperm transport system like obstructions in the various parts of sperm transport --- vas deferens or epididymis or ejaculatory duct or urethra can prevent the passage of sperm can be another reason for infertility,” he said.
3. Lifestyle Factors
A male with unhealthy lifestyle habits is more likely to become infertile. Chronic smoking or tobacco consumption can reduce sperm motility, quality and quantity as per Dr Dhake. “Habit of excessive alcohol consumption can lower testosterone levels and cause erectile dysfunction and decrease sperm production,” Dr Dhake explained. Being obese or overweight can directly impact the sperm quantity and also alter the hormone levels leading to infertility. Apart from this, erratic diet patterns and lack of physical activities can negatively impact overall health, leading to obesity and infertility.
4. Environmental Factors
Extended exposure to Pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, organic solvents, paint colours and environmental pollutants can damage sperm health. Frequent usage of hot tubs, saunas, or exposure to high temperature environments can also temporarily impair sperm count.
5. Genetic Factors
Explaining how genetics play a role in infertility, Dr Dhake said, “Klinefelter Syndrome, a genetic condition where a male child is born with an extra X chromosome, can cause defective male reproductive organs thereby affecting testicular function and sperm production.” Other genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, Kallman’s syndrome which can cause blockages in the sperm ducts.
Also read: Male Infertility Myths: Doctor Debunks 5 Common Misconceptions And Shares Prevention Tips
6. Medical Diseases and Treatments
Certain medical conditions like diabetes and other autoimmune disorders can impact fertility. Another contributing factor can be diseases like cancerous and non-cancerous tumours affect the male reproductive organs directly through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction. “Certain medications used to treat conditions such as hypertension, depression, ulcer medications, anti-arthritis and cancer can affect sperm production and decrease male fertility. Procedures involving the testicles, prostate, rectum or other reproductive organs can impact fertility,” Dr Dhake said.
Conclusion
Addressing infertility often involves a comprehensive approach – evaluation of the medical/surgical conditions and lifestyle management. Identification of the cause of infertility and adoption of the treatment protocol recommended by an andrologist or Andro surgeon can effectively manage the condition.