Brain tumour occurs when the cells in the brain grow uncontrollably leading to the formation of a mass. Interestingly, there are 120 different types of brain tumours, lesions, and cysts, each differentiated by their location and the kinds of cells they are made of. A brain tumour that starts in the brain is called a primary brain tumour. However, it can metastasise and spread to other parts of the body, causing severe complications. On this World Brain Tumour Day, we spoke to two leading experts to get a detailed understanding of the disease, along with its symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options.
Also Read: Proton Beam Therapy: What Is It And How Is It Different From Conventional Radiation Therapy?
Warning Signs Of Brain Tumour
According to Global Cancer Statistics 2020, over three lakh new cases of brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) cancers were diagnosed worldwide. In India, over 28,000 cases of brain tumours are reported each year and more than 24,000 people reportedly die due to brain tumours annually, as per International Association of Cancer Registries (IARC).
Dr Sreehari NR, Clinical Associate Professor-Neurosurgery, Amrita Hospital, Kochi, said, “Brain tumours are unique as they rarely spread beyond the brain, unlike tumours originating from other body parts. However, tumours from elsewhere can generate secondary tumours in the brain. This peculiarity gives rise to specific local symptoms that vary in intensity and duration, depending on their size, location, and growth rate.” Some of the common symptoms include:
Headache and Pressure
Persistent headaches and a feeling of pressure in the head are common symptoms of brain tumours. The severity varies, with some experiencing occasional episodes and others enduring constant discomfort that hinders daily activities.
Nausea and Vomiting
Brain tumour patients often experience nausea and episodes of vomiting. These symptoms result from the tumour's effect on the brain's control centres for bodily functions, leading to gastrointestinal disturbances.
Vision Problems
Brain tumours can affect vision, causing blurred vision, difficulty focusing, or double vision. Some individuals may also experience a gradual loss of peripheral vision, making it challenging to see objects on the sides.
Balance Issues and Dizziness
Balance problems and dizziness are prevalent symptoms of brain tumours. They can impact mobility, increase the risk of falls, and affect independence in daily activities.
Also Read: Study Finds 4 Warning Symptoms Of Colon Cancer In Younger People; Expert Stresses On Early Detection
Paralysis
Depending on the location and extent of brain involvement, paralysis may occur in the hands, legs, face, or other body parts.
Hearing Problems
Brain tumours can lead to hearing problems, ranging from mild impairments to significant hearing loss. These issues arise when the tumours affect the auditory pathways, potentially impacting communication and social interactions.
Seizures and Altered Consciousness
Brain tumours can trigger seizures, characterised by convulsions, muscle spasms, or uncontrolled movements. Seizures may also cause temporary disorientation and confusion due to altered consciousness.
Cognitive and Sleep Disturbances
Difficulties with memory, concentration, problem-solving, and sleep patterns can arise from brain tumours. These challenges can impact various aspects of daily life, including work and personal relationships.
Risk Factors To Consider
“Radiation exposure, family history of brain tumours, certain genetic syndromes like neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, Cowden syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome, can all be risk factors of brain tumour,” said Dr Vivek Agrawal, Department of Neurosurgery, Sir HN reliance Foundation Hospital.
Adding further, the doctor said, “Diagnostics tests mainly include radiological tests, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computerised Tomography (CT) brain scan. Tissue diagnosis can be obtained by Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) analysis and surgical or stereotactic biopsy.”
Also Read: Skin Cancer: 7 Signs To Watch Out For Other Than An Abnormal Mole
The Importance Of Screening And Early Detection
Recognising the signs and symptoms of brain tumour is crucial for timely treatment, said Dr Sreehari. It is also advisable to get an expert opinion whenever there is a suspicion of symptoms or signs of brain tumour. As per the doctor, early treatment gives better control and provides effective cure for the disease, in addition to better quality of life.