Diabetes is a very common chronic disease. As the chronicity increases, the effects of diabetes and its complications also increase which can often lead to several other undesirable end-organ effects. Living with diabetes can be challenging for many as the implications of diabetes can be mainly seen in all major organs of the body. The effects of diabetes on the heart, liver, kidneys, eyes, and overall health are well-known and have often been discussed in detail. Thanks to decades of research we are beginning to get more insights into the effects of diabetes on brain structure, function, and cognition.
Extensive research and landmark trials have proven that uncontrolled diabetes negatively impacts the brain and leads to increased risk of alteration in brain structure and function which is undoubtedly a matter of great concern. Any alterations in the brain structure and function automatically mean an increased risk of dementia and cognitive dysfunction and overall quality of life.
Who is at risk?
According to Dr Abhijit Bhograj, Consultant, Endocrinologist, Diabetes and Thyroid, Manipal Hospital Hebbal, people with prolonged uncontrolled diabetes over the years with Hba1c greater than 8.5 are generally at a higher risk of developing alterations in the brain.
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Studies also state that variations in blood sugar levels or having multiple episodes of hypoglycemia (low sugars less than 70 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (high sugars greater than 180 mg/dl) are prone to develop cognitive dysfunction.
Also, progressive age is another risk factor. Individuals who are aged 60 years and above are at higher risk of developing cognitive dysfunction due to the dual effect of age-related physiological changes in the brain and the implications of diabetes.
Living with diabetes and having pre-existing heart disease, high cholesterol levels, and retinopathy are all individuals who have this risk.
How to prevent
When it comes to diabetes, good glycemic control (maintaining the blood sugar levels at the desired range) is the key to the prevention of complications and any organ damage.
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Achieving an Hba1c of less than 7.5 should be the primary for chronic diabetes.
If there is no risk of frequent low sugars, the individuals can further aim to lower blood sugar levels of hba1c of less than 6.5.
Brain healthy practices such as engaging the mind with reading, learning something new every day, and even teaching something new to your friends and loved ones can significantly help maintain brain health and prevent or lower the risk of cognitive impairment.
Additionally, it is also important to maintain overall health and physical fitness. Indulging in about 40 minutes of moderate-intensity physical exercises and yoga is also helpful.
Maintaining good sleep hygiene, lifestyle modifications, quitting habits, stress management and mind relaxation, and exercising the soul with mindful mindfulness are also important factors for maintaining good brain health.