Allergic reactions are something most people are aware of. It could be caused by certain foods like milk, eggs, nuts, and wheat or by some medications.
While some mild allergic reactions may resolve on their own, others, especially severe ones like anaphylaxis, require urgent medical attention. These can affect the body in several ways, often leading to skin issues like hives or swelling in the throat, lips, or tongue, or may even cause shortness of breath and heart palpitations.
It is important to know that severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis progress through stages, starting with mild symptoms and eventually leading to life-threatening complications. Here's everything you need to know about anaphylaxis, its stages, and much more.
Also Read: Signs You Might Not Be A Cat Person: Allergies Triggered By Cat Contact
Stages Of Anaphylaxis
StatPearls Publishing describes anaphylaxis as a 'medical emergency' that has a lifetime prevalence of 1-3% in the world population.
In an interaction with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr Meenakshi Jain, Principal Director - Internal Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Patparganj, explains, "Anaphylaxis typically progresses within minutes to hours after exposure, sometimes worsening in seconds. While not formally 'staged', it evolves from mild symptoms (e.g., itching) to systemic involvement (e.g., breathing difficulties, low blood pressure). A biphasic reaction (symptoms recurring 1–72 hours post-treatment) occurs in up to 20% of cases, emphasising the need for prolonged monitoring."
Warning Signs Of Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis often begins with mild symptoms that escalate quickly. Key early signs include:
- Skin: Hives, itching, flushing, or swelling (e.g., lips, face, tongue).
- Respiratory: Sneezing, nasal congestion, hoarseness, wheezing, or shortness of breath.
- Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhoea.
- Cardiovascular: Rapid or weak pulse, dizziness, or faintness.
- Other: metallic taste, anxiety, or a sense of impending doom.
What To Do If You Have Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening if not addressed and treated immediately. Unfortunately, it is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all, according to research. In cases where it is recognised, it is important to identify the cause. Meanwhile, some of the immediate steps to take include:
- Administer epinephrine immediately via auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen) into the outer thigh.
- Call emergency services (even if symptoms improve after epinephrine).
- Position the person: Lie the person flat; if breathing is difficult, allow sitting. Avoid sudden position changes.
- Monitor vital signs and administer a second epinephrine dose after 5–15 minutes if symptoms persist.
- Do not offer food/drink or oral medications, and avoid leaving the person unattended.
Also Read: Sensitive Skin? Here’s Why Hypoallergenic Skincare Might Be the Answer
When to use an epinephrine injection
Dr Jain advises using an EpiPen as soon as anaphylaxis is suspected, even if symptoms are mild (e.g., after known allergen exposure with hives and vomiting), as delaying increases mortality risk.
Key triggers for use:
- Difficulty breathing or throat swelling.
- Signs of systemic involvement (e.g., skin + respiratory symptoms).
- Known history of severe allergies with recurrent exposure.
How To Prevent Future Allergic Reactions
If you have a history of allergic reactions, it is crucial to be vigilant and take necessary measures to prevent future anaphylaxis episodes. These include:
- Avoid allergens: Read labels, inquire about ingredients, and prevent cross-contamination.
- Always carry epinephrine: Ensure availability of 2 doses and check expiration dates.
- Medical ID: Wear a bracelet noting allergies.
- Action plan: Share with family, schools, or workplaces. Include emergency steps.
- Allergist consultation: Explore immunotherapy (e.g., for insect venom or food allergies).
- Education: Train caregivers/peers to recognise anaphylaxis and use epinephrine.
Conclusion
Anaphylaxis is a severe form of allergic reaction that should be treated with immediate care by medical professionals. While the condition may arise in stages, from mild to severe, if left undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, it can take a serious turn. Those who have had an allergic reaction in the past must avoid contact with allergens. Moreover, it is important to consult a doctor for better guidance.