Kidneys are important organs that work by filtering waste and excess fluids from our body. However, when they begin to malfunction, the signs can be subtle and are often ignored until the damage becomes severe. According to Dr Ashwin Patil, Consultant Nephrologist, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, understanding the early warning signs of kidney damage can help in timely intervention and treatment. Here are some symptoms you should never overlook:
Swelling In Feet
One of the earliest and most visible signs of kidney dysfunction is swelling, particularly in the feet, ankles, or even the face. This happens because kidneys are primary organs of salt and water excretion, and as the function of the kidneys declines, water gets accumulated in the body along with protein leakage in the urine, which then leads to swelling in the dependent parts of the body, like feet and ankles, explains Dr Patil. If you notice persistent puffiness around your feet or lower legs, especially in the morning or after long periods of sitting, it may be time to consult a doctor.
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Persistent Nausea
When kidneys start to dysfunction, a build-up of toxins and waste in the bloodstream is likely, due to which patients may experience digestive issues such as nausea or even vomiting. This is your body’s way of reacting to the internal toxicity caused by kidney inefficiency.
Loss Of Taste Of Food
Loss of taste is a symptom we commonly associate with COVID. However, kidney damage can sometimes cause this subtle but significant sign. Many people report a metallic taste in the mouth or a complete loss of appetite. This occurs due to the accumulation of waste products in the blood, which can alter taste perception and reduce interest in eating, further contributing to weight loss and nutritional deficiencies.
Increased Nocturnal Frequency Of Micturition
If you find yourself waking up multiple times at night to urinate, it could be a signal of declining kidney function. When kidneys are damaged, their ability to concentrate urine is affected, resulting in increased urine production. While this can also be due to other conditions like diabetes or prostate issues, it's best not to ignore it.
Persistent Headache
High blood pressure is both a cause and a consequence of kidney damage. When the kidneys are impaired, they fail to regulate blood pressure effectively, leading to frequent or severe headaches. If your blood pressure readings are consistently high and accompanied by headaches, it could be linked to your kidney health.
Bone Pains And Muscle Aches
Impaired kidney function affects the balance of minerals in the body, particularly calcium and phosphate. This can result in bone demineralisation, leading to bone pain and increased risk of fractures. Additionally, electrolyte imbalances, especially low calcium or high phosphate levels, can cause muscle cramps or aches.
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Persistent Fatigue
"Fatigue, although a non-specific symptom, when persistent can point to weak kidneys," says Dr Patil, adding that as kidneys are important organs contributing to haemoglobin production, anaemia sets in as kidneys start failing, which can lead to fatigue. Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin that helps your body make Red Blood Cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen. When kidney function declines, there’s a drop in this hormone, leading to fewer RBCs and ultimately causing anaemia. This results in a constant feeling of tiredness, weakness, and lack of focus.
Tests To Assess Kidney Health
According to Dr Patil, two simple tests that are easily accessible and quite economical can help detect kidney problems at an earlier stage. These include:
- Serum Creatinine
- Urine Protein Creatinine Ratio (in a spot urine sample)
Conclusion
Kidney damage doesn’t happen overnight; it progresses silently, often without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. However, signs like swelling, fatigue, and changes in urination patterns should not be dismissed. Regular health check-ups, especially if you have risk factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney disease, can help in early detection and management. Moreover, lifestyle changes like reducing salt and sugar intake, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption, and increasing physical activity can make a big difference.