Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but serious neurological condition that can develop suddenly, often after a common infection. While the name may not be familiar to many, understanding the condition is important, especially because early treatment can make a big difference. To shed light on whether GBS is curable and what treatment for it looks like, the OnlyMyHealth team spoke to Dr Keni Ravish Rajiv, Senior Consultant - Neurology and Head of Epilepsy Services, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru.
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What Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition where the body’s immune system attacks the nerves. According to Dr Rajiv, it often starts with weakness or tingling in the legs and can spread to the upper body. “In some cases, it can cause paralysis. The exact cause is not fully known, but GBS usually happens after a viral or bacterial infection, like the flu or food poisoning.”
The doctor further adds that in some cases, GBS can also follow a vaccination or surgery. The immune system becomes confused and damages the protective covering of nerves.
A 2024 study published in Frontiers in Immunology suggested that the global incidence of GBS was 1.12 per 100,000 person-years.
Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome Curable?
According to Dr Rajiv, GBS is not a lifelong condition for most people. "It is considered a temporary illness, and many people recover fully with the right treatment."
He adds that recovery from GBS can take weeks to months, depending on how serious the condition is. Some people may have lasting weaknesses, numbness, or fatigue, but these symptoms usually improve over time.
What Are The Most Effective Treatments For Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
"The most effective treatments for Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) today are Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange (also called plasmapheresis). IVIG uses healthy antibodies from donors to block harmful immune responses. Plasma exchange removes the bad antibodies from the blood and replaces them with healthy fluids," shares Dr Rajiv.
According to him, both treatments help stop nerve damage and speed up recovery. Doctors may also give painkillers and use machines to help with breathing if needed. Physical therapy is important to regain strength and movement.
Also Read: ICMR Confirms Diarrhoeal Pathogen In GBS Case Samples But Cause Of Outbreak Unclear
Recurrence And Long-Term Care
GBS can recur, but it is rare. As per Dr Rajiv, about 1 in 20 people may have GBS more than once.
Unfortunately, there is no guaranteed way to prevent a future flare-up, but patients can lower their risk by staying healthy and avoiding infections. Washing hands often, staying up to date with vaccines, and treating illnesses early may help.
“Patients should also avoid anything that weakened their immune system in the past, if known. Regular check-ups and talking to a doctor about any unusual symptoms are important,” concludes Dr Rajiv.