Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that usually affect the larynx (voice box), throat, lips, mouth, nose, and salivary glands. With an estimated 8.9 lakh new cases and 4.5 lakh deaths around the world, it accounts for roughly 4.5% of cancer diagnoses and deaths each year, as per GLOBOCAN estimates.
According to Dr Kunjal Patel, Molecular Oncopathologist, Neuberg Centre for Genomic Centre, Gujarat, while lung cancer remains the most prevalent form of cancer among males globally, lip and oral cavity cancer takes the lead in India. A study published in the South Asian Journal of Cancer even suggests that head and neck cancer accounts for approximately one-third of all cancer cases in the country, making early detection extremely crucial for timely treatment and successful outcomes.
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Understanding Head And Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer occurs when the cells lining the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck start to grow uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumours.
According to Dr Patel, they commonly affect areas such as the oral cavity (mouth, lips, and tongue), pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands.
“These cancers may also affect the lymph nodes in the neck,” he added.
It is important to note that cancers that occur in the brain, the eye, the oesophagus, the thyroid gland, and the skin of the head and neck do not belong to or are not classified as head and neck cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Who Is At Risk?
Risk factors for head and neck cancer include:
- Tobacco and alcohol use
- Exposure to the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and EBV infection
- Prolonged sun exposure
Age is also a major risk factor for head and neck cancer, with people aged 45 and above at a greater risk of the disease.
In addition, many studies have suggested that men may be more susceptible to the illness than women. A 2022 study published in the Journal of Cancer found that males are at a 2.8-fold higher risk of head and neck cancer than females. This included a 13.9-fold higher risk of laryngeal cancer, a 10.9-fold higher risk of hypopharyngeal cancer, a 4.4-fold higher risk of oropharyngeal cancer, a 2.9-fold higher risk for nasopharyngeal cancer, a 1.8-fold higher risk for nasal sinus cancer, and a 1.6-fold higher risk for oral cancer, the study noted.
To reduce the risk of head and neck cancer, Dr Patel recommended avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption. In addition, getting an HPV vaccination, practising safe sex, and using sun protection can also prove beneficial.
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How To Self-Detect The Signs Of Head And Neck Cancer
Regular self-examination for head and neck cancer can also lead to early detection and timely treatment.
It involves checking for ulcers, lumps, or changes in the mouth, throat, and neck.
Look for persistent symptoms like hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or ear pain, suggested Dr Patel, adding, “If any abnormalities are noticed, consult a healthcare professional promptly for further evaluation and potential early detection."
Some of the common symptoms include:
- White or red patch on the gums, the tongue, or the lining of the mouth
- Difficulty swallowing
- Neck lumps
- Voice changes
- Ear pain
- Unexplained weight loss
Conclusion
Just like any other cancer, head and neck cancer can also be life-threatening. The key is to conduct regular self-examinations of the areas that are commonly affected by the disease, including the mouth, throat, and neck. If you notice any ulcers, lumps, or changes, consult a healthcare professional for prompt evaluation and potential early detection. According to Dr Patel, there is no standard or routine screening test for head and neck cancer; instead, a dentist may check the oral cavity for signs of cancer during a routine checkup.