A head injury is one of the primary causes of morbidity, mortality, and disability around the world. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), characterised by damage to the brain caused by a blow, bump, or jolt to the head, is estimated to affect 2.7–6.9 crore people worldwide, according to UpToDate.
It is important to know that TBI can vary in terms of symptoms and severity. As per the Mayo Clinic, some signs may appear immediately after the traumatic event, while others may appear days or weeks later. In addition, the symptoms, the duration of the treatment, and the recovery time may also vary depending on the kind of injury you have sustained.
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Difference Between Mild and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
In an interaction with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr Krushnakumar Virda, Consultant Neuro and Spine Surgeon, HCG Hospital, Rajkot, discussed the differences between mild and severe TBI and said, “Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), commonly known as a concussion, and severe TBI differ mainly in their symptoms and the extent of damage to the brain.”
“With mTBI, the symptoms can include headache, dizziness, confusion, and a temporary loss of consciousness. These symptoms are usually short-term and may resolve on their own with rest and proper care,” he added.
On the contrary, the doctor described severe TBI as more significant brain damage resulting from a major impact or injury.
Symptoms can include:
- Prolonged unconsciousness
- Severe confusion
- Agitation
- An inability to wake up
According to the doctor, with severe TBI, there might also be physical disabilities, such as loss of coordination or weakness in the limbs, and cognitive deficits like memory loss or difficulty concentrating. Unfortunately, severe TBIs can lead to long-term or permanent damage and require intensive medical treatment and rehabilitation.
How To Tell If A Head Injury Is A Concussion?
A concussion is caused by a bump or an intense blow to the head. Reportedly, 5.6 crore people worldwide suffer a concussion each year. According to Dr Virda, several signs and symptoms can indicate a concussion. These can be physical, cognitive, or emotional, but the common physical symptoms include:
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Sensitivity to light or noise
- Balance problems or coordination issues
- Cognitive symptoms such as confusion, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, or feeling like you are in a fog
However, one key indicator of a concussion is if the person lost consciousness, even briefly, or has memory gaps surrounding the incident.
It is crucial to note that even without loss of consciousness, a concussion can still be present, and therefore, if you hit your head and suspect a concussion, it’s crucial to seek medical attention.
Signs Of A Serious Head Injury
Differentiating between a concussion and a serious head injury requires you to pay attention to the symptoms. When it comes to a severe TBI or head injury, "one of the most concerning signs is a loss of consciousness that lasts more than a few minutes," Dr Virda told the OnlyMyHealth team.
Other symptoms include persistent or worsening headaches, repeated vomiting, or nausea.
The doctor further added other concerning factors, listing:
- Seizures
- Slurred speech
- Difficulty waking up
- Weakness or numbness in the limbs
- Difficulty walking
- Significant confusion
- Clear fluid or blood draining from the nose or ears
"In children, be particularly vigilant for any unusual behaviour, persistent crying, or refusal to eat. In any of these cases, it’s crucial to seek emergency medical care immediately," Dr Virda warned.
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Risks Associated With Mild And Severe Brain Injury
The long-term risks and complications of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can vary widely based on the severity of the injury, according to the doctor.
“With mild TBI or concussion, most people recover fully within weeks to months; however, some may experience lingering symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome, that can include headaches, dizziness, and cognitive difficulties lasting for months or even longer,” he said.
“On the other hand, severe TBIs often lead to more significant long-term challenges, such as persistent cognitive deficits like memory problems, attention difficulties, and impaired judgement. Emotional and behavioural changes are also common, including increased irritability, depression, and anxiety. Physical complications can include motor deficits, coordination issues, and chronic pain,” the doctor added further.
Additionally, severe TBI has been linked to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, later in life, as reported in a study published in the journal Biological Psychiatry.
In fact, Dr Virda says, "Both mild and severe TBIs can impact one’s quality of life, affecting their ability to work, maintain relationships, and perform daily activities."
On Diagnosis Traumatic Brain Injury
Doctors use a combination of tools to diagnose head injuries.
First and foremost, they'll ask about your medical history and do a physical exam to check your thinking and movement. Then, they might use a Glasgow Coma Scale to score your level of consciousness based on your eye movements, speech, and ability to move.
Imaging tests like CT scans and MRIs can also help in getting detailed pictures of your brain to see any bleeding, swelling, or tissue damage. A doctor will also do a complete neurological examination to assess your reflexes, senses, movement, and thinking skills. You might also have to undergo an EEG to check your brain activity for seizure risk.
However, it is best to consult your healthcare provider to determine the best course of action.
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your expert if you are dealing with any health issues to get the necessary treatment.]