Air pollution has become a never ending problem world wide affecting the healths of millions. While its impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health is well-documented, emerging research highlights a concerning link between air pollution and metabolic disorders like diabetes. One critical aspect of this connection is how pollutants in the air influence insulin sensitivity, a key factor in maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.
To understand how air pollution affects insulin sensitivity, OnlyMyHealth team interacted with Dr Murali Bhaskar M, MBBS, FDM, Medical Advisor and Telemedicine Practitioner, Hyderabad.
Understanding Insulin Sensitivity
Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, acts as a key that enables sugar (glucose) to enter cells, where it is used for energy. According to Dr Bhaskar, “Insulin sensitivity refers to how effectively the body’s cells respond to insulin. When cells become resistant to insulin, the body struggles to manage blood sugar levels, leading to a condition known as insulin resistance. This condition is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.”
Top Stories
-1751527287915.png)
-1751352905978.jpg)
The Role of Air Pollution
Air pollution introduces harmful chemicals and particles into the air we breathe. According to the World Health Organization, these pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides, and ozone, can penetrate deep into our respiratory systems and even enter the bloodstream. Once inside the body, they trigger a cascade of harmful reactions.
“Air pollution is a major concern for human health. It releases harmful chemicals into the air, and when we breathe them in, they can damage our bodies. One way this happens is through oxidative stress,” explains Dr Murali Bhaskar.
Also read: Insulin sensitivity: Here Are Some Symptoms And Risk Factors To Know
Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to neutralise them using antioxidants. Dr Bhaskar likens it to a fire breaking out in the body’s cells, disrupting normal functions.
“Imagine your cells as tiny factories. Oxidative stress is like a fire breaking out in these factories, causing damage and disrupting normal operations. This damage can interfere with how our bodies use sugar for energy, a process crucial for staying healthy,” he elaborates.
The damage caused by oxidative stress impairs the ability of insulin to function effectively. It is as though the “key” no longer fits the “lock,” rendering the cells resistant to insulin. This leads to a dangerous buildup of sugar in the blood, a hallmark of diabetes.
Impact on Beta Cells
The pancreas contains specialised beta cells responsible for insulin production. However, these cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Prolonged exposure to air pollution can damage beta cells, reducing their capacity to produce insulin.
“Our pancreas, an organ located near our stomach, plays a vital role in this process. However, when beta cells are exposed to the harmful effects of oxidative stress, they can become damaged and stop producing enough insulin. This further contributes to the development of diabetes,” says Dr Bhaskar.
The Role of Catalase
Catalase, a key antioxidant enzyme, helps neutralise ROS, preventing oxidative stress. However, certain air pollutants can diminish the levels and efficacy of catalase in the body.
“Reduced catalase levels result in the accumulation of ROS, exacerbating damage to beta cells and contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetes,” Dr Bhaskar explains.
Preventative Measures
While combating air pollution on a global scale requires systemic change, individuals can take steps to mitigate its impact on health:
Limit exposure: Avoid outdoor activities during times of high air pollution. Use air purifiers indoors and consider wearing masks when pollution levels are severe.
Healthy diet: Consume a diet rich in antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts, to counteract oxidative stress.
Regular exercise: Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, though it should be done in areas with cleaner air.
Medical check-ups: Regular screening for blood sugar levels can help in the early detection and management of insulin resistance.
Conclusion
Air pollution’s impact extends far beyond respiratory health, with significant implications for metabolic disorders such as diabetes. By triggering oxidative stress, impairing insulin functionality, and damaging beta cells, air pollution poses a silent but severe threat to global health. Dr Bhaskar concluded, “Air pollution can harm our bodies by creating oxidative stress, which disrupts how our cells use sugar. This can lead to insulin resistance and damage to the cells that produce insulin, ultimately increasing the risk of developing diabetes.”