Discovering a lump in your throat can be a frightening experience, especially when it’s unclear whether it’s something harmless or potentially serious. Tonsil cysts and tonsil cancer, though they can present similarly at first glance, are vastly different in their implications and required treatments. We spoke to our expert Dr Rahul S Kanaka, Consultant – Surgical Oncology, Manipal Hospital, Hebbal, Bengaluru, who explained the differences between these two health conditions and when to seek medical advice to ensure that any concerns are addressed promptly and appropriately.
According to StatPearls, tonsil cancer is the most prevalent type of oropharyngeal cancer, with its occurrence rapidly increasing due to the growing number of cases linked to Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
A tonsil cyst is a lump that can appear on one or both tonsils, often resembling a pimple. These cysts are generally considered noncancerous (benign) and may not cause noticeable symptoms until they grow larger
Difference Between Tonsil Cysts And Tonsil Cancer
Here is how tonsil cysts and tonsil cancer differ in symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options, as explained by Dr Kanaka:
Key Differences in Symptoms
Tonsil Cysts
- Tonsil cysts are typically harmless and asymptomatic but can cause mild discomfort or subtle symptoms in some cases
- It may present as a small, soft, and painless lump on the tonsil
- It can cause mild soreness or difficulty swallowing if they grow large
- It is often associated with infections or inflammation
Tonsil Cancer
- Symptoms may include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, a lump in the neck, and ear pain
- The lump is typically firm, irregular, and progressively growing
- Unexplained weight loss, bad breath, or voice changes can also be indicative
- It may cause bleeding from the mouth or difficulty moving the tongue
Identifying a Cyst Vs Cancer
- A healthcare provider can distinguish between a cyst and cancer by examining the size, texture, and growth pattern of the lump.
- Tonsil cysts tend to be smooth, round, and mobile, while tonsil cancer often presents as a firmer, irregular mass that may invade surrounding tissues.
- Persistent symptoms, especially if associated with risk factors like smoking, should prompt further investigation.
Risk Factors for Tonsil Cancer
Tonsil cancer risk factors include:
- Smoking and heavy alcohol use
- HPV infection, particularly HPV-16
- Older age, typically over 50
- Gender predilection: Males are at higher risk of getting tonsil cancer
- Tonsil cysts do not typically have these risk factors and are often related to benign causes like infections or blockages
Differences in Treatment Options
Tonsil Cysts
- It often does not require treatment unless symptoms arise
- Surgical removal might be necessary if they become large or infected
- Antibiotics or drainage can be used if there’s an infection
Tonsil Cancer
- Requires more aggressive treatment including surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy
- Early-stage cancer might be treated with surgery alone, while advanced cases may need a combination of therapies
Diagnostic Tests Used
- Physical Examination: Initial assessment to determine the nature of the lump
- Imaging Tests: CT or MRI scans to evaluate the size and extent of the lump
- Biopsy: The definitive test where a tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to differentiate between benign and malignant cells
- Endoscopy: May be used to get a better view of the throat and tonsil area
Prevalence and Risk
- Tonsil Cysts: More common than cancer, particularly in younger individuals or those with a history of tonsil infections.
- Tonsil Cancer: Less common but more serious, typically affecting older adults with a history of smoking, alcohol use, or HPV infection.
Can Tonsil Cysts Turn into Cancer?
Tonsil cysts are generally benign and do not develop into cancer. They are unrelated conditions, though in rare cases, misdiagnosis can occur, which underscores the importance of medical evaluation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
"Seek medical attention if you notice any lump on the tonsil that persists for more than a couple of weeks, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like pain, difficulty swallowing, or voice changes. During a consultation, you can expect a physical examination, possible imaging studies, and perhaps a biopsy to determine the nature of the lump. The doctor will also ask about your medical history, including any risk factors like smoking or HPV exposure," said Dr Kanaka.
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your own professional if you are dealing with any health issues to avoid complications.]