The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted the world, altering lives and redefining healthcare priorities. The world witnessed a massive lockdown in the wake of the Corona virus outbreak five years ago, in 2020. A recent outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China, followed by a few cases in India has raised concerns about HMPV leading to pandemic-like situation as the symptoms of this ‘not so new’ virus are similar to that of COVID-19. Could HMPV outbreak evolve into another pandemic?
Before going into a panic zone, it is important to separate facts from the fear. It is crucial to differentiate the two viruses and learn about the severity of the recent outbreak and how transmission can be curbed. In an interaction with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr Umang Agarwal, Consultant in Infectious Diseases, P D Hinduja Hospital and MRC, Khar, Mumbai, helped us understand the risks and reality of this virus.
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What is Human Metapneumovirus?
According to Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and was first discovered in 2001. It primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms ranging from mild cold-like illnesses to severe respiratory issues, especially in vulnerable populations like young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
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Clinical Symptoms and Diagnostics: HMPV vs COVID-19
Highlighting the similarity in the symptoms between HMPV and COVID-19, Dr Agarwal said, "The clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus are similar to COVID. The only major difference is the availability of vaccines against COVID, not so much for HMPV."
The common symptoms include fever, cough, nasal congestion, and wheezing. In severe cases, it can lead to bronchiolitis or pneumonia. However, diagnosing HMPV is straightforward with advancements in testing. "HMPV can be readily diagnosed by multiplex PCR, which is commercially available in the Indian setting," adds Dr Agarwal.
HMPV Outbreaks and Global Perspective
Recently, HMPV has garnered attention due to an outbreak in China. While outbreaks are concerning, the risk of global spread remains low for now. "Like any other respiratory virus, there are different strains of human metapneumovirus. Presently, it seems that the strain that has caused the outbreak in China is limited to China. Whole genome sequencing analysis is still ongoing, but there doesn't seem to be a concern of the same strain present in an Indian setting," assured Dr Agarwal.
Could HMPV Trigger a Pandemic?
HMPV has certain characteristics that make it noteworthy, such as its ability to spread through respiratory droplets and its seasonal nature. "HMPV, like any other respiratory viral illness, has a tendency to peak towards winters, but most of the cases are self-limiting in nature," explained Dr Agarwal.
The lack of a vaccine and specific antiviral treatments for HMPV is a notable challenge. However, early detection and isolation can significantly mitigate its spread. Unlike the unpreparedness at the onset of COVID-19, the availability of diagnostic tools and increased awareness about respiratory infections provide a strong defence against HMPV.
Furthermore, Dr Agarwal points out that India has yet to see a significant uptick in HMPV cases this season. "Assuringly, India has not reported many cases of HMPV in the present season. Moreover, since we can diagnose this virus early, early precautionary measures can be instituted when needed. Accordingly, in my opinion, there is no need for panic pertaining to HMPV," he said.
Also read: HMPV Outbreak: Are We Ready With Tests and Vaccines?
Lessons from COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic taught the world valuable lessons about virus containment, surveillance, and public health measures. While HMPV shares some similarities with COVID-19, including its respiratory nature, it lacks the high transmissibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2.
The pandemic also catalysed the development of global health infrastructure, with better surveillance systems and public health awareness now in place to tackle new threats more effectively.
The Importance of Early Precautions
While panic is unwarranted, vigilance is essential. Simple measures like hand hygiene, mask-wearing during outbreaks, and avoiding crowded spaces can help limit the spread of respiratory viruses, including HMPV. People experiencing respiratory symptoms should seek medical advice promptly, especially if symptoms worsen or persist.
Conclusion
While HMPV deserves attention, it is unlikely to lead to a pandemic like COVID-19. The presence of diagnostic tools, existing public health infrastructure, and the seasonal and self-limiting nature of most HMPV infections collectively reduce the likelihood of a widespread outbreak.
Offering reassurance, Dr Agarwal said, "In my opinion, there is no need for panic pertaining to HMPV." As long as countries remain proactive and vigilant, the risks posed by HMPV can be effectively managed without inducing widespread fear. The world must continue to strengthen its healthcare systems, learn from past experiences, and stay prepared for future challenges, ensuring that no virus catches humanity off guard again.