An outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has brought attention to this common yet often overlooked respiratory virus. Known to cause symptoms resembling the common cold, HMPV can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses among young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, understanding how to recognise the symptoms, seek timely diagnosis, and adopt preventive measures is vital to managing its spread. With diagnostic tools readily available and simple hygiene practices playing a key role, there’s no need for panic, just preparedness.
To understand which tests can help in early diagnosis and is there a vaccine for the treatment of HMPV, OnlyMyHealth team interacted with Dr Bharesh Dedhia, Consultant, Intensive Care, PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, and Dr Murali Bhaskar M, Medical Advisor and Telemedicine Practitioner.
What Is HMPV?
HMPV is a respiratory virus that primarily causes symptoms similar to the common cold. Dr Dedhia explained, "Occasionally, we do see patients with HMPV. Essentially, it behaves like the common cold virus, causing symptoms like a runny nose, stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, irritation, fever, body aches, and sometimes headaches. These symptoms can last for a few days to a few weeks and are usually self-limiting."
According to a study published in the journal Viruses, the HMVP predominantly affects younger children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases. Healthy individuals can also contract it, though the symptoms are typically mild.
Also read: Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) China: Know Its Causes, Symptoms And Its Treatment
How Is HMPV Diagnosed?
According to Dr Murali Bhaskar, "HMPV can be diagnosed by multiplex PCR, which is readily available in the market. There is usually not much of a challenge in distinguishing it from other respiratory infections." Multiplex PCR tests are efficient in identifying HMPV, aiding early detection and management.
While multiplex PCR tests are quicker and highly efficient, other tests available are:
- Rapid Antigen Test: Offer faster results but have lower sensitivity compared to PCR tests.
- Bronchoscopy: Used to examine changes in the airways of the lungs.
Is There a Treatment or Vaccine for HMPV?
Is There A Vaccine Against HMPV?
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. Dr Dedhia highlighted, "There is no specific antidote or antiviral. For most patients, it is self-limiting, but in some cases, it can progress to a lower respiratory tract infection or viral pneumonia, which can be potentially serious."
Symptomatic relief remains the primary approach:
- Over-the-counter medications recommended by Dr Dedhia like Crocin, Calpol, or Dolo for fever and body aches.
- Cough syrups and antihistamines for runny or stuffy noses.
In severe cases, hospitalisation may be required, including oxygen therapy or intensive care. Rarely, the virus can be fatal.
Also read: India Reports First HMPV Case; Infant Tests Positive in Bengaluru Hospital
Preventive Measures
Preventing HMPV infection involves maintaining good hygiene and adopting practices similar to those followed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dr Dedhia advises, "Preventive measures include keeping your hands clean, using sanitizers, staying away from crowded places, and avoiding contact with people displaying symptoms of infection. Eating healthy food can also help boost immunity."
Key preventive steps include:
- Regular handwashing with soap.
- Using hand sanitizers when on the go.
- Avoiding close contact with individuals showing cold or flu-like symptoms.
- Wearing masks in crowded or poorly ventilated areas.
- Maintaining a balanced diet to strengthen immunity.
Should India Be Concerned?
While the HMPV outbreak in China has raised alarms, Dr Dedhia reassures that there isn't any significant cause for concern in India at the moment. "As a whole, I don't think India has much to worry about. Most cases are mild and self-resolving. However, vigilance and preventive measures are essential, especially for those at higher risk, like immunocompromised individuals and the elderly," he said.
Outlook for HMPV
Human metapneumovirus, much like other respiratory viruses, thrives on seasonal and situational vulnerabilities. While it can lead to severe complications in certain cases, most infections resolve without specific medical intervention. Early diagnosis using multiplex PCR tests and adhering to preventive measures can help mitigate the spread and impact of HMPV.
In the absence of a vaccine, staying informed and cautious remains our best defense against this virus. For those experiencing persistent symptoms or complications, seeking medical attention promptly is crucial.