Most people are aware of cancer, but did you know the majority of your organs are susceptible to developing the disease? In fact, the tiny, finger-shaped pouch of tissue, called an appendix, can develop cancer.
The appendix is a part of the digestive system that extends from the beginning of the large intestine, specifically the cecum, in the lower right abdomen. While it does not play much of a role in digestion or waste elimination, it can, in certain cases, get infected and inflamed. In severe cases, cancer may develop, and if not detected early, it can become life-threatening.
Also Read: Younger Generations See Spike in Rare Appendix Cancers, Here's What The Study Suggests
What Is Appendix Cancer?
Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the appendix. While most cases are discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis, some individuals may experience symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, or changes in bowel habits.
There are three different types of appendix cancer:
Epithelial Appendiceal Cancer: These tumours arise from the glandular cells lining the appendix and can lead to a condition called Pseudomyxoma Peritonei (PMP) if they spread within the abdominal cavity.
Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs): These tumours develop from cells that produce hormones in the appendix.
Mucinous Neoplasms: These are a type of epithelial cancer that may be low-grade (LAMN) or high-grade (HAMN), depending on how the cells appear under a microscope.
According to StatPearls Publishing, appendix cancer is observed in less than 2% of the appendiceal specimens; however, there has been a rise in the number of cases, particularly in the United States.
Risk Factors For Appendix Cancer
“Research into the potential lifestyle factors that may influence the development of appendix cancer is still ongoing, but several elements have been identified that could play a role,” Dr Anupama N K, Consultant - Medical Gastroenterology, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, tells the OnlyMyHealth team.
She specifies that diet is one significant factor, as a high intake of processed foods, red meats, and low fibre may contribute to an increased risk of various gastrointestinal cancers, including those affecting the appendix.
Additionally, obesity has been linked to a higher incidence of several types of cancer, and it is plausible that excess body weight could similarly impact the risk of appendix cancer. An International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group reviewed over 1,000 studies and found consistent evidence that higher levels of body fat are linked to an increased risk of several types of cancer, including colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers.
Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are also lifestyle choices that have been associated with a range of cancers, suggesting that they may have a similar effect on the risk of developing malignancies in the appendix.
Also Read: Diet For A Healthy Appendix: Foods To Eat And Avoid During Appendicitis
Furthermore, a sedentary lifestyle, characterised by low levels of physical activity, may contribute to overall cancer risk, including that of the appendix. “While these factors do not guarantee the development of appendix cancer, they may increase susceptibility, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a potential preventive measure,” shares Dr Anupama.
Symptoms Of Appendix Cancer
According to the doctor, appendix cancer, though rare, can present a variety of symptoms that may often be mistaken for other gastrointestinal issues. “One of the most prevalent symptoms is abdominal pain, which typically manifests in the lower right quadrant, where the appendix is located.”
She describes this pain as persistent or intermittent and says that it can vary in intensity. “Patients may also experience changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea or constipation, which can be accompanied by bloating and discomfort.”
Additionally, unexplained weight loss and a general feeling of fatigue are common, as the body may be fighting the disease. Some individuals report nausea and vomiting, which can further complicate the clinical picture.
Note that in advanced cases, symptoms may include the presence of a palpable mass in the abdomen or signs of intestinal obstruction. “It is crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek medical evaluation, as early detection can significantly impact treatment outcomes,” Dr Anupama emphasises.
How To Reduce The Risk Of Appendix Cancer
While there is no way to predict who will develop appendix cancer, nor is there a definite way to prevent the disease, certain lifestyle choices and preventive measures may help mitigate this risk. These include:
- Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Regular physical activity
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Avoiding tobacco use and limiting alcohol consumption
- Staying informed about family medical history, as genetic predispositions can play a significant role in cancer development
- Regular medical check-ups and discussions with healthcare professionals
Treatment Options For Appendix Cancer
If you’re diagnosed with appendix cancer, it is important to not lose heart. Instead, explore among the several treatment options available, which are tailored to the specific type and stage of cancer.
According to Dr Anupama, the primary treatment modality is surgical intervention, which often involves the removal of the appendix and may also include the excision of surrounding tissues or lymph nodes if the cancer has spread. “In cases where cancer is more advanced, additional treatments such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be recommended to eliminate remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.”
Dr Anupama shares that chemotherapy typically involves a regimen of drugs that can be administered intravenously or orally, aimed at attacking rapidly dividing cancer cells. For certain types of appendix cancer, particularly those that are more aggressive or have metastasised, a specialised treatment known as Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) may be utilised, where heated chemotherapy is delivered directly into the abdominal cavity during surgery.
Furthermore, participation in clinical trials may provide access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available, offering patients additional avenues for treatment, the doctor concludes.
Conclusion
Though appendix cancer is rare, its symptoms can easily be mistaken for more common digestive issues. While there's no guaranteed way to prevent it, adopting a healthy lifestyle, like eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, and going for regular check-ups, can help lower your risk. If diagnosed, know that treatment options are available and continually advancing, offering hope and better outcomes for those affected.