A new respiratory virus is making waves across the United States, raising concerns among health officials, especially for children. The virus, Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), has been detected in wastewater samples, suggesting widespread transmission. While respiratory illnesses are common, EV-D68 stands out due to its potential link to severe neurological complications, including paralysis in children.
Enterovirus D68: What Is It?
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a non-polio enterovirus that primarily affects the respiratory system. It can cause mild to severe respiratory illnesses, with children being the most vulnerable group. Although first identified in the 1960s, the virus gained significant attention in recent years due to its periodic outbreaks, particularly in the fall. What sets this virus apart from other respiratory infections is its potential to cause a rare but serious condition called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), which can lead to paralysis.
Rise in EV-D68 Cases and Wastewater Detection
Wastewater surveillance systems have been pivotal in monitoring the spread of EV-D68 across the U.S. The WastewaterSCAN monitoring network recently reported the presence of EV-D68 nucleic acids in samples collected nationwide. This detection method allows health officials to track viral activity in communities, often before clinical cases are reported.
Experts note that the peak season for EV-D68 tends to be in September, aligning with the rise in cases this year. Since 2014, the U.S. has seen periodic increases in both EV-D68 infections and AFM cases, with the latter causing alarm due to its severe impact on the nervous system.
Link Between EV-D68 and Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)
One of the most concerning aspects of the EV-D68 outbreak is its connection to acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). AFM is a rare but serious neurological condition that affects the spinal cord, leading to sudden muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis. Children, particularly those under the age of 10, are most at risk.
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While not all EV-D68 infections result in AFM, the rise in virus cases has coincided with an increase in AFM diagnoses. AFM can develop rapidly, with symptoms such as weakness in the arms or legs, difficulty moving, and loss of muscle tone. In some instances, AFM can progress to the point where patients require mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure.
Symptoms of EV-D68 Infection
EV-D68 typically presents symptoms similar to those of the common cold or flu, but in some cases, it can escalate to more severe respiratory issues. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for the following symptoms in children:
- Runny nose: A common early symptom of EV-D68, resembling a mild cold.
- Coughing: Persistent coughing is another sign of respiratory involvement.
- Headaches: Some children may experience headaches, which can vary in intensity.
- Fever: Although not always present, a low-grade fever can accompany EV-D68 infections.
However, the more severe consequences of EV-D68 infection require immediate medical attention. These include:
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- Sudden limb weakness: One of the hallmark signs of AFM, weakness in the arms or legs can occur rapidly, sometimes within hours or days.
- Difficulty breathing: In severe cases, EV-D68 can cause respiratory distress, necessitating hospitalization and possibly the use of a ventilator.
- Neurological symptoms: Damage to the nervous system, including paralysis, can develop in extreme cases, particularly when the virus progresses to AFM.
What to Do if You Suspect EV-D68
If a child exhibits any of the severe symptoms associated with EV-D68, particularly muscle weakness or difficulty breathing, it is critical to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and prevent the progression to AFM.
Parents should also be mindful of more common respiratory symptoms, ensuring their children receive adequate rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage milder cases. Preventative measures, such as regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, are essential in curbing the spread of the virus.
Bottomline
As EV-D68 continues to spread across the United States, understanding the symptoms and risks associated with this respiratory virus is crucial, especially for parents. While many cases may resolve with mild symptoms, the potential for severe neurological complications like acute flaccid myelitis makes it essential to remain vigilant. Early detection and prompt medical intervention are key to mitigating the more dangerous effects of this virus.