In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) has provided hope to millions of infertile couples, but as with any surgical procedure, it comes with some risks. One such rare but serious complication of IVF is ectopic pregnancy, wherein the embryo implants elsewhere than in the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Although the overall risk during IVF is low (about 2–5%), being knowledgeable about preventive measures will serve to reduce the risk.
We spoke to experts to understand why ectopic pregnancies occur in IVF and how they can be avoided. Here’s what you need to know.
Why Does Ectopic Pregnancy Happen in IVF?
According to fertility specialists, ectopic pregnancies after IVF can result from several factors:
- Tubal Damage: Women with blocked, damaged, or surgically removed fallopian tubes are at higher risk.
- Embryo Migration: Even in IVF, embryos can rarely move into the fallopian tube after transfer.
- Multiple Embryo Transfer: Transferring more than one embryo can increase the risk marginally.
- Underlying Pelvic Infections: Previous pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis can contribute.
Expert Tips To Decrease The Risk
In an exclusive interaction with the editorial team of Onlymyhealth, our expert, Dr Suma Varsha, IVF Specialist, Ferty9 Fertility Center - Vijayawada, explained tips to reduce the risk. These include:
1. Careful Pre-IVF Screening
Physicians emphasise evaluation of tubal health before IVF. If a hydrosalpinx (dilated, damaged tube) is found, surgical clipping or removal is usually recommended before embryo transfer. This decreases the risk of ectopic pregnancy and enhances IVF outcome.
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2. Customised Embryo Transfer Methods
"Gentle and accurate embryo transfer is paramount," stated Dr Varsha. Employing ultrasound guidance at the time of transfer ensures embryos are ideally placed in the best uterine position, minimising the risk of migration.
3. Single Embryo Transfer (SET)
Whereas numerous couples opt for multiple embryo transfers to increase the chances of pregnancy, specialists advise a single high-quality embryo transfer. This eliminates risks such as ectopic pregnancy and multiple pregnancies, without sacrificing success.
4. Selective Blastocyst Transfer
Blastocyst stage transfer of embryos (day five to six), rather than earlier, enables physicians to choose more surviving embryos and insert them higher into the uterine cavity, reducing ectopic risks.
5. Early Monitoring Following IVF
Serial beta-hCG checks and early ultrasound scans are important. Early detection of ectopic pregnancy can avoid life-threatening complications. Specialists recommend that women inform their physician immediately of any unusual pain or bleeding.
Although ectopic pregnancy following IVF cannot be eliminated, proper medical assessment, sophisticated embryo transfer methods, and proper follow-ups may reduce the risk appreciably.
"Patients must keep in mind that IVF has never been safer. By entrusting experienced fertility specialists and adhering to medical guidance carefully, the prospects of a healthy, successful pregnancy are significantly improved," said Dr Varsha.
Bottomline
IVF is a hope-filled journey, and knowing the risks, along with how to reduce them, is empowering couples to make educated choices toward parenthood.