As we age, it’s common to experience memory lapses—forgetting where we put our keys or struggling to recall a name. Such instances could be normal signs of ageing. However, when memory loss begins to interfere with daily life, it may indicate something more serious, such as the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s in the aged. We spoke to Dr Ravi Shankerji, MBBS, MD, Internal Medicine, Apollo Spectra Hospital, Bengaluru, who explained the differences between the symptoms during normal ageing and Alzheimer’s are crucial in seeking appropriate care and support.
“Ageing is a natural process that affects nearly every aspect of bodily processes and brain functioning. It is generally accepted and a known fact that due to ageing the cognitive abilities of the brain may decline. A decline in cognitive abilities may affect memory retention, processing speed, attention and concentration in ageing individuals, although it is not uniform for everyone,” said Dr Shankerji.
According to Alzheimer's Society, nearly 40% of us will face some degree of memory loss after the age of 65. However, even if memory loss occurs, it is unlikely to indicate dementia. In most cases, the memory loss is mild enough that it doesn't significantly disrupt our daily lives.
Normal Ageing: What to Expect
Normal ageing can result in some forgetfulness, misplacing keys for example, or forgetting some appointments, but it does not usually cause major deficits. “On the other hand, severe nutritional deficiency and other unhealthy diets, a low intake of important nutrients for brain health like omega-3, vitamins B12, D, and E, and a high intake of saturated fats and processed foods may result in major cognitive impairment along with ageing,” added Dr Shankerji.
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Alzheimer's Disease: Recognising the Signs
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that may appear at the age of 60 or above, starting as mild memory loss, and leading to a total devastation of thinking, behavioural, changes and social skills. "The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease signify an increased severity of memory problems, dramatic personality changes, impaired judgement and increasing difficulties with activities of daily living," said Dr Shankerji.
Key Differences Between Normal Ageing and Alzheimer’s
Degree of Impairment
With normal ageing, small memory slips and slower recall may sometimes be annoying but can usually be coped with. Whereas, in Alzheimer's disease, severe memory loss, especially for recent events, and the inability to recognise familiar persons are accompanied by far more serious difficulties in carrying out the routine activities of daily life.
Behavioural Changes
“In normal ageing, behaviour changes, like losing interest in hobbies, are typical. However, Alzheimer's causes significant personality and behaviour shifts, including suspicion, agitation, heedlessness, and social withdrawal,” said Dr Shankerji. For example, someone with Alzheimer's may become easily agitated, often yelling or crying without clear reasons.
Also Read: Alzheimer's Disease: Expert Explains 7 Stages Of This Condition
Cognitive Changes
The normal ageing process can sometimes cause problems with learning new information, concentrating, and remembering names and dates, yet the overall functioning of the brain is preserved. Alzheimer's disease, by contrast, severely impairs learning, conversation, and scheduling. It also makes one lose a sense of place because they do not recognise objects or surroundings.
Recognising the Symptoms
“If you or someone you know is experiencing memory difficulties that affect everyday life, such as always needing a reminder, there may be something more serious at play. Not taking or completing familiar tasks, difficulties following simple directions, and being confused about what time or where a person is located, are all significant issues,” highlighted Dr Shankerji.
[Disclaimer: This article contains information provided by an expert and is for informational purposes only. Hence, we advise you to consult your own professional if you are dealing with any health issues to avoid complications.]