Amniotic fluid is the protective liquid surrounding a growing foetus within the amniotic sac in the womb. Often described as the baby’s lifeline, this fluid cushions the foetus, regulates temperature, and supports lung and digestive system development. It also allows the baby to move, promoting muscle and bone growth. However, when there is a leakage or abnormal reduction in amniotic fluid, it can pose serious risks to the pregnancy.
Understanding the signs, causes, and potential side effects of leaking amniotic fluid is crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy and ensuring the well-being of both the mother and baby.
To understand amniotic fluid, signs and causes of its leakage, OnlyMyHealth interacted with Dr Meenakshi Sauhta, Director of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals, Gurugram.
According to Dr Sauhta, “Leaking amniotic fluid, medically known as oligohydramnios when it results in low fluid levels, can pose risks to both the mother and the baby.”
Signs of Leaking Amniotic Fluid
Leaking amniotic fluid can sometimes be mistaken for urine or vaginal discharge, particularly in the later stages of pregnancy. However, there are distinct signs listed by Dr Sauhta that can help differentiate it:
- Clear or pale yellow fluid: Amniotic fluid is usually clear or slightly yellow and may have a sweet smell. If you notice a consistent, clear discharge that does not have the consistency or smell of urine, it could be amniotic fluid.
- Constant leakage: Unlike urine, which may come and go, leaking amniotic fluid often presents as a constant trickle or gush that continues over time.
- Wetness in underwear: Consistent dampness in your underwear that does not dry up, especially if it is clear or slightly yellow, could indicate leaking amniotic fluid.
- Decreased foetal movement: If you notice less movement from your baby, it could be a sign that the amniotic fluid levels are low, possibly due to leakage.
If you suspect that you are leaking amniotic fluid, it’s crucial to contact your healthcare provider immediately for evaluation and appropriate care.
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Causes of Leaking Amniotic Fluid
Leaking amniotic fluid can occur for several reasons:
Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): This condition occurs when the amniotic sac breaks before 37 weeks of gestation. Dr Sauhta said, “PPROM can be caused by infections, previous preterm births, or an overdistended uterus due to too much amniotic fluid or multiple pregnancies.”
Full-term rupture of membranes: Near or at the time of labour, it is normal for the amniotic sac to rupture, commonly known as the "water breaking." However, if the rupture occurs prematurely, Dr Sauhta said that it can lead to complications.
Infections: “Infections in the uterus or cervix can weaken the amniotic sac, leading to a rupture and leakage of fluid,” she said.
Cervical insufficiency: This condition occurs when the cervix begins to dilate and efface prematurely, potentially causing the amniotic sac to rupture.
Trauma: Dr Sauhta notes, “Physical trauma to the abdomen, such as from an accident or fall, can cause the amniotic sac to tear.”
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Side Effects on Pregnancy and Birth
Leaking amniotic fluid, particularly when it occurs prematurely, can have significant implications for both the mother and the baby:
Increased risk of infection: The amniotic sac serves as a barrier against infections. “Once it has ruptured, the risk of infections such as chorioamnionitis increases, which can lead to complications for both mother and baby,” Dr Sauhta said.
Preterm birth: Leaking amniotic fluid can lead to preterm labour, increasing the likelihood of delivering a premature baby. Preterm infants are at higher risk for respiratory distress, developmental delays, and other health issues.
Umbilical cord complications: As per Dr Sauhta, low levels of amniotic fluid can lead to cord compression, which can restrict blood flow and oxygen to the baby, potentially causing distress and requiring emergency intervention.
Pulmonary hypoplasia: If the leak occurs early in pregnancy, it can hinder lung development in the foetus, leading to underdeveloped lungs (pulmonary hypoplasia) and severe respiratory problems after birth.
Foetal growth restriction: Insufficient amniotic fluid can restrict foetal movement, leading to growth issues and musculoskeletal abnormalities.
Conclusion
Leaking amniotic fluid is a condition that requires prompt medical attention to minimise risks to both the mother and baby. Early detection and treatment can help manage the situation and ensure the best possible outcome for pregnancy and childbirth. Expecting mothers should be aware of the signs and seek medical advice if they suspect any abnormal leakage to protect their health and that of their baby.